Table 2 Data analysis steps

1. Coding concrete change initiatives related to AI implementation at Southern

We analysed each change initiative by asking (a) what was the existing situation and what was not effective about it for (future) AI implementation? (b) what social and technological changes were made? and (c) how did these changes expand the organisation’s capability to implement and use AI more effectively?

A table in Microsoft Excel

2. Coding unique challenges around AI implementation observed at Southern

We analysed each challenge by linking it to ongoing conversations in the literature and identifying whether it relates to the level of technology, workflow or organisation

Table 3 (first column); unique AI implementation challenges spanning technology, workflow and organisational levels

3. Relating concrete change initiatives to AI implementation challenges

We analysed how each change initiative responds to AI implementation challenges across three levels. This helped us identify and exclude change initiatives that are generic in all innovation processes such as having a change agent

Table 3 (second column); three themes that encompass the change initiatives