Table 2 Baseline characteristics for WD patients and controls

Age (years)

25.4 ± 2.9

27.9 ± 8.0

0.189

24.2 ± 5.6

30.5 ± 8.5

0.149

Gender

0.991

0.371

Men, n (%)

23 (58%)

24 (59%)

7 (41%)

17 (71%)

Women, n (%)

17 (42%)

17 (41%)

10 (59%)

7 (29%)

BSA (m²)

1.7 ± 0.2

1.7 ± 0.2

0.717

1.7 ± 0.3

1.8 ± 0.2

0.805

BMI (kg/m²)

22.0 ± 3.3

21.1 ± 3.3

0.594

21.3 ± 4.1

21 ± 2.8

0.839

HR (beats/min)

69.0 ± 8.3

69.0 ± 11.8

0.991

72.9 ± 10

66.3 ± 12.4

0.389

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

121.2 ± 9.4

118.8 ± 11.1

0.608

115.7 ± 10.2

120.3 ± 11.5

0.764

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

71.2 ± 8.2

80.5 ± 6.7

0.756

73.6 ± 7.9

71.9 ± 10.3

0.805

History of smoking, n (%)

0 (0%)

5 (12%)

0.189

1 (6%)

4 (17%)

0.764

Dyspnea, n (%)

0 (0%)

5 (12%)

0.189

1 (6%)

4 (17%)

0.764

Chest pain (atypical), n (%)

0 (0%)

3 (7%)

0.301

0 (0%)

3 (7%)

0.764

Peripheral edema, n (%)

0 (0%)

4 (10%)

0.193

1 (6%)

3 (7%)

0.805

Palpitations, n (%)

0 (0%)

6 (15%)

0.065

2 (12%)

4 (17%)

0.805

Dizziness, n (%)

0 (0%)

7 (17%)

0.060

2 (12%)

5 (21%)

0.805

Loss of consciousness, n (%)

0 (0%)

2 (5%)

0.494

0 (0%)

2 (8%)

0.805

NYHA class

1 (1–1)

1 (1–1)

 > 0.99

1 (1–1)

1 (1–1)

 > 0.99

Laboratory values

Creatinine (μmol/L)

-

65.6 ± 17.7

-

55.7 ± 11.8

73 ± 18

0.032

Urea (mmol/L)

-

5.1 ± 1.4

-

4.4 ± 1.1

5.5 ± 1.4

0.149

AST (U/L)

-

30.0 ± 13.5

-

32.8 ± 15.5

28.0 ± 11.8

0.764

ALT (U/L)

-

34.2 ± 26.8

-

40.9 ± 27.8

29.2 ± 25.5

0.764

ALP (U/L)

-

119.1 ± 74.6

-

131.5 ± 91.4

110.0 ± 59.9

0.764

Total bilirubin (μmol/L)

-

16.9 ± 9.1

-

15.6 ± 7.7

17.9 ± 10.1

0.805

Direct bilirubin (μmol/L)

-

6.5 ± 3.6

-

5.8 ± 2.7

7.0 ± 4.1

0.764

Iron (μmol/L)

-

15.6 ± 7.9

-

16.5 ± 8.9

15.0 ± 7.1

0.805

Ceruloplasmin (mg /L)

-

50.9 ± 31.3

-

58.2 ± 40.3

45.4 ± 22.0

0.764

Copper, serum levels (μmol/L)

-

2.4 ± 1.5

-

2.3 ± 1.4

2.5 ± 1.6

0.805

Zinc, serum levels (μmol/L)

-

15.5 ± 5.7

-

16.1 ± 5.5

15.0 ± 5.9

0.805

Copper, urine levels (μg/dL)

-

26.3 ± 27.0

-

31.2 ± 35.5

22.7 ± 18.5

0.764

Copper, 24-h urine (μg/24 h)

-

623.1 ± 689.5

-

664.7 ± 675.4

592.4 ± 713.2

0.839

Zinc, urine levels (μg/dL)

-

106.9 ± 97.2

-

107.9 ± 65.9

106.2 ± 116.6

 > 0.99

Zinc, 24-h urine (μg/24 h)

-

2170.7 ± 2212.8

-

2014.0 ± 1205.8

2286.5 ± 2754.9

0.805

Echocardiographic abnormalities, n (%)

-

0 (0%)

-

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

 > 0.99

ECG abnormalities, n (%)

-

19 (46%)

5 (29%)

14 (58%)

0.371