Table 2 Factors affecting chest tube placement in the study population in univariable and multivariable analysis. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant

Age, mean (± SD)

66.6 ± 9.2

65.2 ± 8.2

0.991 (0.967–1.016)

0.503

-

-

Tract length (mm), mean (± SD) [Q25–75]

24.1 ± 11.8 [13.0; 33.0]

34 ± 16.2 [21; 45.6]

1.034 (1.017–1.051)

 < 0.0001

1.0364 (1.018–1.055)

 < 0.0001

Tumor size (mm), mean (± SD) [Q25–75]

26.6 ± 14.4 [13.0; 35.0]

24.9 ± 12.2 [13.0; 36.8]

0.994 (0.977–1.012)

0.549

-

-

History of lung surgery, n (%)

23 (3.0%)

0 (0%)

0.000 (0–∞)

1

-

-

Tract embolization, n (%)

547 (49%)

13 (31%)

0.465 (0.239–0.904)

0.023

0.311 (0.148–0.632)

 < 0.001

Emphysema, n (%)

303 (27%)

32 (77%)

35.71 (1.916–6.711)

 < 0.0001

4.237 (2.155–8.333)

 < 0.0001

Prone position, n (%)

545 (49%)

7 (17%)

0.212 (0.094–0.482)

 < 0.001

0.225 (0.097–0.521)

 < 0.0001

Fissural tract, n (%)

24 (2.0%)

4 (10%)

4.886 (1.615–14.778)

 < 0.01

3.836 (1.139–12.928)

 < 0.05

Sex, n (%)

Female

558 (50%)

15 (36%)

1.813 (0.954–3.444)

0.075

1.112 (0.557–2.221)

0.762

Male

557 (50%)

27 (64%)

Needle diameter n (%)

18 G

1066 (95%)

39 (93%)

-

-

-

-

19 G

9 (1%)

0 (0%)

1.702 (0.719–4.033)

0.226

20 G

40 (4%)

3 (7.7%)

66427.6 (0–∞)

0.986