Table 1 Summary of studies evaluating ECV quantification with CT, detailing scan, reconstruction, and contrast media protocols
Scanner type | Non-enhanced scan | Timing of LE scan [min] | Slice thickness/ | Tube voltage | ECG-gating | Contrast media [mgI/mL] | Dose of contrast media | Effective radiation dosea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single-energy protocols | |||||||||
Nacif, 2012 [14] | Aquilion One (Toshiba) | Yes | 10 | 3 mm | 120 kVp | Prospective | Iopamidol (370) | Bolus of 125 mL ± 24 mL | 1.98 ± 0.16 mSv for non-enhanced and LE scan |
Bandula, 2013 [12] | Somatom Sensation 64 (Siemens) | Yes | 25 | 5 mm | 120 kVp | Retrospective | Iohexol (300) | Bolus of 1 mL/kg body weight + infusion of 1.88 mL/kg/h | 10.7 ± 3.4 mSv (total cardiac CT protocol) |
Hamdy, 2018 [20] | Somatom Force (Siemens) | Yes | 3, 5, 7 | 1 mm | 80 kVp | Prospective | Iopamiron (370) | Bolus of 1.6 mL/kg body weight | 11.8 ± 2.9 mSv (total cardiac CT protocol) |
Scully, 2020 [21] | Somatom Force (Siemens) | Yes | 3, 5 | 2 mm | 80 kVp | Prospective | Iohexol (300) | Bolus of 90 mL | 5.1 ± 0.3 mSv for non-enhanced and LE scan |
Tamarappoo, 2020 [10] | Somatom Definition Flash (Siemens) | Yes | 5 | 3 mm | 120 kVp | Prospective | Iohexol (350) | Bolus of 100 mL | 25.7 ± 6.9 mSv (total cardiac CT protocol) |
Dual-energy protocols | |||||||||
Lee, 2016 [18] | Somatom Definition Flash (Siemens) | No | 12 | 0.75 mm | 100/140 kVp | Retrospective | Iopamidol (370) | Bolus of 1.8 mL/kg body weight | 5.59 ± 0.85 mSv (total cardiac CT protocol) |
Abadia, 2019 [15] | Somatom Force (Siemens Healthcare) | No | 7 | 1.5 mm | 90/150 kVp | Prospective | Iopamidol (370) | Bolus of 65 mL | 3.61 mSv [2.78–4.21] (total cardiac CT protocol) |
Oda, 2019 [22] | iQon Spectral CT (Philips) | No | 7 | 0.67 mm | 120 kVp | Prospective | Iopamidol (370) | Bolus of 1.5 mL/kg body weight | 4.8 ± 1.6 mSv for LE scan |
Ohta, 2020 [23] | Discover CT 750 HD (GE) | No | 7–8 | 0.625 mm | 80/140 kVp | Prospective | Iopamidol (370) | Bolus of 0.9 mL/kg body weight + infusion until 1.4 mL/kg/scan | 3.42 ± 0.87 mSv for LE scan |
Dubourg, 2021 [17] | Discover CT 750HD (G) | No | 7 | 0.625 mm | 80/140 kVp | Prospective | Iohexol (350) | Bolus of 65 mL | 1.89 ± 0.38 mSv for LE scan |
Qi, 2022 [24] | Somatom Force (Siemens) | No | 7 | 0.6 mm | 90/150 kVp | Prospective | Iopromide (370) | Two boli of 50 mL + 50 mL | 5.9 mSv [4.5–8.4] (total cardiac CT protocol) |
Photon-counting detector CT scanner | |||||||||
Mergen, 2022 [25] | NAEOTOM Alpha (Siemens) | Yes | 5 | 1.5 mm | 120 kVp | Prospective | Iopromide (370) | Bolus of 100 mL | 1.2 mSv [0.97–1.75] for LE scan |