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Insights into Imaging

Table 1 The clinical and pathological data of the study patients

From: CT-derived extracellular volume and liver volumetry can predict posthepatectomy liver failure in hepatocellular carcinoma

Variable

Training cohort (n = 181)

Internal validation cohort (n = 100)

External validation cohort (n = 112)

Without PHLF (n = 116)

With PHLF (n = 65)

p value

Without PHLF (n = 71)

With PHLF (n = 29)

p value

Without PHLF (n = 80)

With PHLF (n = 32)

p value

Age (years)

54.81 ± 11.44

51.66 ± 10.83

0.072

55.77 ± 11.88

54.14 ± 9.52

0.511

54.38 ± 12.91

54.09 ± 13.20

0.918

Male (N)

94 (81.03%)

56 (86.15%)

0.380

65 (91.55%)

25 (86.21%)

0.419

61 (76.25%)

28 (87.50%)

0.183

PLT count (109/L)

164.50 (129.00, 205.25)

167.00 (131.50, 196.50)

0.920

147 (101, 193)

143 (93, 179)

0.352

179.50 (145.50, 212.50)

173.00 (137.00, 198.00)

0.704

Serum ALT (μmol/L)

36.00 (25.00, 53.00)

44.00 (28.65, 65.00)

0.065

32 (24, 42)

31 (27, 47)

0.521

35.00 (26.00, 47.00)

42.50 (28.88, 74.00)

0.091

Serum AST (μmol/L)

35.00 (26.00, 50.00)

44.00 (28.00, 61.70)

0.059

31 (24, 51)

34 (26, 50)

0.427

37.00 (26.00, 57.03)

43.50 (26.05, 61.85)

0.664

Serum Alb (g/L)

40.49 ± 5.35

38.69 ± 5.47

0.033*

40.07 ± 4.91

37.86 ± 4.75

0.042

42.25 ± 4.49

40.61 ± 4.90

0.091

Serum Tbil (μmol/L)

13.96 (11.40, 18.51)

15.57 (10.73, 29.69)

0.198

14.00 (9.15, 19.75)

20.71 (16.19, 30.80)

 < 0.001

13.22 (10.35, 15.16)

15.81 (11.88, 28.99)

0.001

Serum Cr (μmol/L)

67.00 (55.63, 75.80)

65.20 (54.60, 72.35)

0.304

68.00 (59.60, 80.00)

70.50 (56.00, 85.15)

0.958

63.25 (51.66, 72.24)

65.30 (52.35, 71.37)

0.995

Serum Hct (L/L)

0.41 (0.36, 0.45)

0.41 (0.37, 0.44)

0.727

0.38 (0.30, 0.43)

0.43 (0.36, 0.44)

0.079

0.40 (0.32, 0.43)

0.41 (0.38, 0.43)

0.177

Serum INR

0.98 (0.92, 1.07)

0.97 (0.91, 1.05)

0.374

1.02 (0.97, 1.08)

0.99 (0.95, 1.06)

0.175

1.08 (1.02, 1.13)

1.10 (1.02, 1.16)

0.713

Serum PT (s)

11.60 (10.90, 12.58)

11.40 (10.65, 12.10)

0.067

12.00 (11.50, 13.00)

11.70 (11.30, 12.05)

0.080

11.60 (10.90, 12.67)

11.35 (10.55, 11.98)

0.069

Serum PTA (%)

92.38 ± 18.24

96.72 ± 14.60

0.102

86.69 ± 13.44

88.90 ± 12.83

0.451

91.37 ± 16.75

97.78 ± 16.90

0.071

Operation time, surgery (min)

357.00 (266.25, 504.25)

425 (270, 529)

0.288

392 (285, 497)

350 (228, 450)

0.220

297.50 (210.75, 450.00)

427.50 (281.25, 599.00)

0.013

Hepatic inflow occlusion duration

0 (0, 50)

30 (15, 66)

 < 0.001*

0 (0, 0)

45.00 (15.00, 75.00)

 < 0.001

0 (0, 23.75)

15.00 (0, 44.25)

0.024

Blood loss, surgery (mL)

200 (100, 400)

300 (110, 500)

0.164

200 (100, 400)

200 (100, 250)

0.152

200 (100, 475)

300 (123, 500)

0.134

Blood transfusion, surgery (mL)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.495

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.663

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.764

Hepatectomy, surgery

  

 < 0.001*

  

0.014

  

0.153

Minor hepatectomy

101 (87.07%)

34 (52.31%)

 

60 (84.51%)

18 (62.07%)

 

67 (83.75%)

23 (71.88%)

 

Major hepatectomy

15 (12.93%)

31 (47.69%)

 

11 (15.49%)

11 (37.93%)

 

13 (16.25%)

9 (28.12%)

 

Hypertension (N)

23 (19.83%)

9 (13.85%)

0.312

8 (11.27%)

4 (13.79%)

0.724

11 (13.75%)

3 (9.38%)

0.754

Diabetes mellitus (N)

13 (11.21%)

3 (4.62%)

0.134

5 (7.04%)

0

0.337

9 (11.25%)

2 (6.25%)

0.651

The presence of viral hepatitis (N)

85 (73.28%)

38 (58.46%)

0.060

51 (71.83%)

22 (75.86%)

0.680

58 (72.50%)

20 (62.50%)

0.298

Maximum diameter, pathology (cm)

4.00 (2.35, 7.00)

4.50 (2.50, 8.90)

0.344

4.50 (2.50, 8.00)

5.30 (2.50, 6.50)

0.933

4.75 (2.35, 8.00)

3.25 (2.28, 6.45)

0.242

Fibrosis stage, pathology

  

0.022*

  

0.009

  

0.009

S0

42 (36.21%)

16 (24.62%)

 

31 (43.66%)

3 (10.34%)

 

41 (51.25%)

5 (15.63%)

 

S1

17 (14.66%)

11 (16.92%)

 

4 (5.63%)

1 (3.45%)

 

11 (13.75%)

6 (18.75%)

 

S2

27 (23.28%)

7 (10.77%)

 

7 (9.86%)

3 (10.34%)

 

10 (12.50%)

5 (15.63%)

 

S3

13 (11.21%)

15 (23.08%)

 

10 (14.08%)

6 (20.69%)

 

10 (12.50%)

8 (25.00%)

 

S4

17 (14.66%)

16 (24.62%)

 

19 (26.76%)

16 (55.17%)

 

8 (10.00%)

8 25.00%)

 

Steatosis, pathology (N)

8 (6.90%)

4 (6.15%)

0.847

4 (5.63%)

0

0.458

8 (10.00%)

3 (9.38%)

0.920

Tumor thrombus, pathology (N)

30 (25.86%)

25 (38.46%)

0.077

19 (26.76%)

9 (31.03%)

0.666

21 (26.25%)

9 (28.13%)

0.840

Clinical models

         

Child − Pugh stage

  

0.559

  

0.139

  

0.791

 A

102 (87.93%)

59 (90.77%)

 

63 (88.73%)

29 (100%)

 

76 (95.00%)

30 (93.75%)

 

 B

14 (12.07%)

6 (9.23%)

 

8 (11.27%)

0

 

4 (5.00%)

2 (6.25%)

 

MELD score

15.89 ± 4.57

15.39 ± 4.56

0.476

16.40 ± 4.46

17.78 ± 2.98

0.132

15.73 ± 4.15

17.44 ± 5.03

0.066

ALBI score

 − 2.67 (− 2.98, − 2.40)

 − 2.56 (− 2.82, − 1.99)

0.010*

 − 2.62 (− 2.94, − 2.36)

 − 2.17 (− 2.67, − 2.05)

0.001

 − 2.86 (− 3.11, − 2.61)

 − 2.67 (− 2.95, − 2.28)

0.008

  1. Note: Data are presented as n (percentage), median (interquartile range), or mean ± standard deviation
  2. Abbreviations: PHLF Posthepatectomy liver failure, PLT counts Platelet counts, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, Alb Albumin, Cr Creatinine, Tbil Total bilirubin, Hct Hematocrit, INR, International normalized ratio, PT Prothrombin time, PTA Prothrombin activity, MELD Model for end-stage liver disease, ALBI Albumin–bilirubin
  3. *The comparison between patients without PHLF and patients with PHLF in the training cohort. p value < 0.05 means significant
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