From: Infection prevention and control in the medical imaging environment: a scoping review
First author, publication year | Overall study aim(s) | Setting | Sample | Data collection method | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microbial | Simulation | Survey | Review | Animal studies | Direct observation | Time | ||||
Dominik et al., 1995 [35] | To assess the potential risk of contamination and microbial multiplication in a non-ionic contrast medium when supplied in large volume containers and withdrawn in fraction over a certain period of time | Hospital (n = 9), Radiological departments (n = 1) (Germany) | Infusion bottles: n = 1000 (100 at each location) | • | • |  |  |  |  |  |
Gretzinger et al., 1996 [36] | To validate the integrity of one-way check valves for the delivery of contrast solution to multiple patients | (Canada) | Sprung valves and unsprung valves |  | • |  |  |  |  |  |
Buerke et al., 2004* [37] | To evaluate hygienic conditions using automatic injectors in MRI and CT during clinical routine | CT and MRI (Germany) | Medical devices and palms of technical and medical staff | • |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Buerke et al., 2008 [38] | To evaluate the risk of microbiologic contamination of the syringes of injectors used to administer contrast agent and saline solution in an experimental setting and clinical routine | Contrast-enhanced CT (Germany) | Experimental study, normal hygienic conditions: total n = 136 samples; Intensive hygienic prevention: total n = 136 samples Clinical study, imprints of palms for technical and medical staff: n = 44 each trial, surfaces (3 × PC keyboards, desktop of operational panel, telephone receiver, CT gantry, inner wall of CT tunnel, automatic injectors (button panel and syringes), and support pillows | • | • |  |  |  |  |  |
Fox et al., (2008) [39] | To investigate whether X-ray cassettes could be a source of pathogens capable of causing nosocomial infections in the hospital environment | Diagnostic imaging department (England) | X-ray cassettes: n = 40 | • |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Boyle et al., 2010 [40] | To establish whether infection control measures were being undertaken sufficiently on lead rubber aprons within a diagnostic imaging department | Diagnostic imaging department (England) | Lead rubber aprons: n = 15 | • |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Buerke et al., 2010 [41] | To evaluate the microbiologic contamination and time efficiency associated with routine clinical use of single-use pre-filled disposable syringes for contrast administration | (Germany) | Imprints of devices and the palms of hands of staff members were microbiologically analysed before the clinical investigation Single use of prefilled contrast syringes and saline syringes: n = 60, and single use of prefilled contrast syringes but multiple use of saline syringes for four injections or patients: n = 60 | • |  |  |  |  |  | • |
Aso et al., 2011* [42] | Not stated | Mobile X-ray system in emergency room, (Japan) | Radiological technologists: n = 22 | • |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Buerke et al., 2011 [43] | To evaluate three different injection systems regarding microbial contamination, time efficiency, and user handling during clinical routine | Radiology, (Germany) | Patients; n = 825 Empty syringes, system A: n = 150; pre-filled syringes, system B: n = 150; Roller pump system C: n = 35 injections/day for 15 days | • |  | • |  |  |  | • |
Shelly et al., 2011 [44] | To explore the potential risk to patients and healthcare workers of acquiring MRSA within a radiology department | Radiology Department (Ireland) | Environmental swabs: n = 125 | • |  |  | • |  |  |  |
Cona et al., 2012 [45] | To verify whether a newly developed replaceable patient-delivery system may allow multiple uses of the system but without such risks | Belgium | Patient-delivery systems: n = 12 | • |  |  |  | • |  |  |
Duszak et al., 2014 [46] | To quantity and characterise bacterial contamination of radiologist workstation | Inpatient and outpatient radiologist computer workstations in 2 teaching hospitals in 2 adjacent states. (USA) | Voice recognition dictation microphones: n = 7, and computer mice: n = 7. Toilet seats and door knobs as comparative samples | • |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Giacometti et al., 2014 [47] | To examine the level of microbiological contamination in the main radiology departments in Turin, Italy | 12 radiology departments (2 private and 10 public), samples from X-ray tubes, control panels, radiographic cassettes and imaging plates Questionnaire to investigate use of PPE by radiology department chiefs (Italy) | In each Radiology department (n = 12) a total of 12 samples (3 for each of the four areas) | • |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Antwi et al., 2015 [48] | To assess the appropriate use of infection control by radiographers during radiological examinations in Ghana | 3 hospitals (Ghana) | Qualified radiographers: n = 72 |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |
O’Donoghue et al., 2016 [49] | To evaluate effectiveness on compliance of an intervention to improve awareness of hand hygiene | Radiography unit of district hospital (Hong Kong) | Radiographers: n = 76; nurses: n = 17; healthcare assistants: n = 9 |  |  | • |  |  | • |  |
Abdelrahman et al., 2017 [50] | To evaluate radiographers’ knowledge of nosocomial infection control practices in Jordan | Educational, private, public hospitals (Jordan) | Radiographers: n = 100 |  |  | • |  |  | • |  |
Cabrita et al., 2017* [51] | To evaluate whether radiographers wash their hands; to assess if radiographers use gloves properly; to check whether materials/equipment are disinfected when necessary; to assess the radiographers perception about hygiene standards | Public and private radiology departments (Portugal) | Radiographers |  |  | • |  |  | • |  |
Nandy et al., 2017 [52] | To test one way valves as a means of infection control used in medical device applications | (USA) | One-way valves: n = 5 | • | • |  |  |  |  |  |
Quon et al., 2017 [53] | To evaluate workstation disinfection rates of hand hygiene of radiologists and trainees at shared workstations and assess the impact of education and reminder place-cards on daily habits | Tertiary care, academic institution (Canada) | Radiologists, fellows and residents |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Crofton et al., 2018 [54] | To investigate whether an awareness campaign will result in improvement in radiographers’ phone and hand hygiene practices | University hospitals (England) | Radiographers, pre-campaign:n = 36, post-campaign: n = 28 | • |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Nyirenda et al., 2018 [55] | To determine the knowledge and practices of radiographers regarding infection control in radiology departments in government referral hospital in Malawi | Radiology departments in four Government referral hospitals (Malawi) | Radiographers: n = 62 |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Goebel et al., 2019 [56] | To quantify the frequency of bacterial contamination of the injected contrast agent/saline solution by an automated contrast injection system, and to evaluate whether usage of a novel tube system can reduce it | MRI (Germany) | Patients: n = 101 | • |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alakhras et al., 2020 [57] | To assess the level of dental radiographers’ compliance with infection control measures and evaluate the factors affecting compliance | 9 public hospitals and centres, 2 university affiliated hospitals, 100 private dental clinics/centres (Jordan) | Dental radiographers: n = 175 |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Hasford et al., 2020 [58] | To assess the level of knowledge on SARS-COV-2 infection prevention, transmission and symptoms of COVID-19 among allied radiation medicine professionals | (Ghana) | Radiation medicine professionals: n = 145 |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Aljondi et al., 2021 [59] | To assess the knowledge and practice of infection control for COVID-19 among healthcare workers in radiology departments in Saudi Arabia | Radiology departments (Saudi Arabia) | Radiographer, radiologic technologist, radiologist; n = 256 |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Almantari et al., 2021 [60] | To assess the enforcement of infection control guidelines for patients with COVID-19 during medical imaging procedure and raise awareness f infection control in different hospital in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia | Four hospitals in Saudi Arabia: n = 128 |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Carotenuto et al., 2021 [61] | To identify factors important to patients for their return to elective imaging during COVID-19 pandemic | Elective MRI (USA) | Patients: n = 99 |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Elshami et al., 2021 [62] | To investigate the response of the radiology workforce to the impact of COVID-19 on professional practice | (India, Middle East, North Africa) | Radiology staff: n = 903 |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Fohely et al., 2021 [63] | To evaluate the overall knowledge of radiographers about IPC | Primary governmental hospitals in Southern West Bank and 3 private hospitals in the same area | Radiographers: n = 40 |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |
Srivastava et al., 2021 [64] | To evaluate the perception and practice of IPC measures by Radiologists during pre-COVID-19 and present | Clinics, diagnostic centres, hospitals involved in performing ultrasound, reporting cross-sectional imaging, interventional radiology (India) | Radiologists: n = 152 |  |  | • |  |  |  |  |