Diagnostic performance of standardized typical CT findings for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Insights into Imaging

Table 2 Pooled estimates and meta-regression of diagnostic accuracy of typical CT findings

	Number of studies	Sensitivity [95% CI]	p value†	Specificity [95% CI]	p value†
Overall	42	0.70 [0.65, 0.74]		0.90 [0.86, 0.93]
Meta-regression
Prevalence (%)^‡		0.01 [0.00, 0.02]	0.0494	− 0.02 [− 0.04, − 0.01]	0.0121
Mean age (years)^‡		0.01 [− 0.02, 0.04]	0.4880	0.02 [− 0.03, 0.07]	0.4850
Proportion of male subjects (%)^‡		− 0.01 [− 0.04, 0.01]	0.3372	− 0.03 [− 0.07, 0.01]	0.1435
Study size^‡		0.00 [− 0.03, 0.02]	0.7879	0.02 [− 0.02, 0.06]	0.4266
National income			0.4453		0.4219
Lower-middle $1086–4255	4	0.60 [0.43, 0.75]		0.81 [0.56, 0.94]
Upper-middle $4256–13,205	14	0.71 [0.62, 0.78]		0.90 [0.83, 0.95]
High > $13,205	24	0.71 [0.65, 0.77]		0.91 [0.85, 0.95]
National income			0.5707		0.4349
Developing	18	0.68 [0.61, 0.75]		0.89 [0.81, 0.93]
Developed	24	0.71 [0.65, 0.77]		0.91 [0.87, 0.95]
Region of the study			0.2532		0.8451
Asia & Africa	8	0.65 [0.53, 0.76]		0.88 [0.75, 0.95]
Europe	24	0.69 [0.63, 0.74]		0.91 [0.86, 0.94]
America	10	0.76 [0.67, 0.83]		0.91 [0.82, 0.96]
Full vaccination rate			0.5943		0.0300
0%	39	0.70 [0.65, 0.74]		0.91 [0.88, 0.94]
> 0%	3	0.74 [0.56, 0.87]		0.68 [0.35, 0.89]
Guide			0.8268		0.7235
RSNA	22	0.71 [0.64, 0.77]		0.91 [0.85, 0.95]
CO-RADS	20	0.69 [0.63, 0.76]		0.90 [0.83, 0.94]

RSNA, Radiological Society of North America; CO-RADS, COVID-19 Reporting and Data System
^†Likelihood ratio test between the bivariate models without and with a study-level characteristic
^‡For continuous covariates, change in logit (sensitivity or specificity) per 1 unit increase are presented