Table 5 Examples of the most common neuroimaging markers on NCCT (CTA for spot sign) relevant for outcome prognosticating and corresponding performance metrics and references

Hematoma shape and density

Hematoma expansion

Shape:

[64]

 Sensitivity 69%,

 specificity 46%

Density:

 Sensitivity 44%,

 specificity 72”

Hematoma volume

Hematoma expansion, outcome and 30-day mortality

Sensitivity 96%, specificity 98%

[9]

Perihematomal edema

hematoma expansion and outcome

Odds ratio 0.59

[73]

Hematoma expansion

Outcome and mortality

Odds ratio 4.59

[10]

Intraventricular extension

hematoma expansion and outcome

Sensitivity 43%,

specificity 85%

[88]

Spot sign

hematoma expansion

Sensitivity 53%,

specificity 88%

[95]

Swirl sign

Hematoma expansion

Sensitivity 45%,

specificity 79%

[98]

Black hole sign

Hematoma expansion

Sensitivity 30%,

specificity 91%

[100]

Blend sign

Hematoma expansion

Sensitivity 28%,

specificity 92%

[104]

Island sign

Hematoma expansion

Sensitivity 45%,

specificity 98%

[106]

Satellite sign

Hematoma expansion

Sensitivity 54%,

specificity 94%

[111]