35 Selected Items in 20 Criteria According to 6 Sections (N = 30) | Study, n (%) |
---|---|
Overall (excluding 5c, 11, 14b, 10c, 10e, 12, 13, 17, and 19a) | 478 (61) |
Section 1: Title and Abstract | 14 (23) |
 1. Title—identify developing/validating a model, target population, and the outcome | 2 (7) |
 2. Abstract—provide a summary of objectives, study design, setting, participants, sample size, predictors, outcome, statistical analysis, results, and conclusions | 12 (40) |
Section 2: Introduction | 37 (62) |
 3a. Background—Explain the medical context and rationale for developing/validating the model | 30 (100) |
 3b. Objective—Specify the objectives, including whether the study describes the development/validation of the model or both | 7 (23) |
Section 3: Methods | 252 (65) |
 4a. Source of data—describe the study design or source of data (randomized trial, cohort, or registry data) | 30 (100) |
 4b. Source of data—specify the key dates | 26 (87) |
 5a. Participants—specify key elements of the study setting including number and location of centers | 30 (100) |
 5b. Participants—describe eligibility criteria for participants (inclusion and exclusion criteria) | 21 (70) |
 5c. Participants—give details of treatment received, if relevant (N = 6) | 0 (0) |
 6a. Outcome—clearly define the outcome, including how and when assessed | 30 (100) |
 6b. Outcome—report any actions to blind assessment of the outcome | 0 (0) |
 7a. Predictors—clearly define all predictors, including how and when assessed | 23 (77) |
 7b. Predictors—report any actions to blind assessment of predictors for the outcome and other predictors | 15 (50) |
 8. Sample size—explain how the study size was arrived at | 0 (0) |
 9. Missing data—describe how missing data were handled with details of any imputation method | 0 (0) |
 10a. Statistical analysis methods—describe how predictors were handled | 24 (80) |
 10b. Statistical analysis methods—specify type of model, all model-building procedures (any predictor selection), and method for internal validation | 23 (77) |
 10d. Statistical analysis methods—specify all measures used to assess model performance and if relevant, to compare multiple models (discrimination and calibration) | 30 (100) |
 11. Risk groups—provide details on how risk groups were created, if done (N = 0) | 0 (0) |
Section 4: Results | 94 (52) |
 13a. Participants—describe the flow of participants, including the number of participants with and without the outcome. A diagram may be helpful | 16 (53) |
 13b. Participants—describe the characteristics of the participants, including the number of participants with missing data for predictors and outcome | 24 (80) |
 14a. Model development—specify the number of participants and outcome events in each analysis | 25 (83) |
 14b. Model development—report the unadjusted association between each candidate predictor and outcome, if done (N = 5) | 1 (20) |
 15a. Model specification—present the full prediction model to allow predictions for individuals (regression coefficients, intercept) | 5 (17) |
 15b. Model specification—explain how to the use the prediction model (nomogram, calculator, etc.) | 2 (7) |
 16. Model performance—report performance measures (with confidence intervals) for the prediction model | 22 (73) |
Section 5: Discussion | 81 (90) |
 18. Limitations—Discuss any limitations of the study | 30 (100) |
 19b. Interpretation—Give an overall interpretation of the results | 30 (100) |
 20. Implications—Discuss the potential clinical use of the model and implications for future research | 21 (70) |
Section 6: Validation for Model type 2a, 2b, 3, and 4 (N = 13) | 9 (17) |
 10c. Statistical analysis methods—describe how the predictions were calculated | 0 (0) |
 10e. Statistical analysis methods—describe any model updating (recalibration), if done (N = 0) | 0 (0) |
 12. Development versus validation—Identify any differences from the development data in setting, eligibility criteria, outcome, and predictors | 5 (38) |
 13c. Participants (for validation)—show a comparison with the development data of the distribution of important variables | 4 (31) |
 17. Model updating—report the results from any model updating, if done (N = 0) | 0 (0) |
 19a. Interpretation (for validation)—discuss the results with reference to performance in the development data and any other validation data | 0 (0) |