Table 2 Study characteristics for articles included in systematic review, organised by publication date
From: Artificial intelligence for radiological paediatric fracture assessment: a systematic review
Author, year | Dataset study period | Patient ages (years, unless otherwise stated) | % Male | No. centres | Type of centre(s) | Index test | Ground truth / reference | Ground truth blinded to clinical detail? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhou [36] | Not stated | Range: 1–18 | Not stated | Single | Tertiary Paediatric | Plain radiography | Two radiologists, over 10-year experience each | Yes |
Malek [32] | 4 years (2009–11, 2014) | Median: 8.5 SD: 3.9 Range: 0–12 | Not stated | Single | Tertiary Paediatric | Plain radiography | Time to fracture healing where no fracture line can be identified on radiography, as determined by single orthopaedic surgeon | No, but all cases were fractured |
England [31] | 3.6 years (Jan 2014–Sept 2017) | Mean: 11.4 SD: 5.1 Range: 1–19 Percentage of children in age groups (1–5, 6–10, 11–15, 16–19) per dataset are also provided in manuscript. | 64.6% | Single | Tertiary Paediatric | Plain radiography | Radiology reports by consultant radiologist. A sub selection of 262 mages re-reviewed by three musculoskeletal radiologists | Musculoskeletal radiologists assessing a sub selection of the radiographs were blinded. Original radiologist report unblinded |
Rayan [33] | 4 years (Jan 2014–Dec 2017) | Mean: 7.2 Range: 0–18 | 57% | Single | Tertiary Paediatric | Plain radiography | Radiological reports by a single radiologist (experience unspecified) | No |
Choi [17] | 6 years (Jan 2013 to Dec 2018) | Percentage of children in age groups (0–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19) per dataset are provided in manuscript. No mention of mean, median ages overall. Range: 0–19 | Not stated | Two centres, same city | Tertiary Paediatric | Plain radiography | All radiographs re-reviewed by two paediatric radiologists | Yes |
Starosolski [34] | 8 years (2009–2017) | Mean: 6.4 SD: 4.4 | 33% | Single | Tertiary Paediatric | Plain radiography | Radiology reports by a single radiologist | Unclear |
Dupuis [30] | 1 year (March 2019–2020) | Median: 9.2 Mean: 8.5 Range: 0–17 SD: 4.5 | 57.3% | Single | Tertiary Paediatric | Plain radiography | Radiology report by one of a possible eleven radiologists with 2.5–35 years’ experience | No, but this reference was not used for training |
Zhang [35] | Not stated | Mean: 9.9 Range: 3.8–14.8 | 70% | Single | Tertiary Paediatric | 3D ultrasound | Plain radiography acquired within 30 days of ultrasound of affected wrist, reported by consultant radiologist of affected limb. The contralateral limb was also imaged with ultrasound but without radiography confirmation of injury. In these cases normality was presumed where asymptomatic | Not for the 3D ultrasound, unclear regarding radiography reporting |
Tsai [58] | 13.4 years (1 Jan 2009 to 31 May 2021) | ‘Normal’ Cohort Mean: 5 months Range: 0.2–11.6 months SD: 3.3 months. ‘Abnormal’ Cohort Mean: 3.3 months Range: 0.4–12 months SD: 2.9 months | ‘Normal’ Cohort = 68.5%; ‘Abnormal’ Cohort = 73% | Single | Tertiary Paediatric | Plain radiography | Radiology report issued by consultant radiologist with subsequent confirmation by primary study author (experienced paediatric radiologist) | Unclear, likely not blinded |