Table 2 Brain nuclei suffer from increased iron deposition in various cognitive disorders (bold = increase QSM values)

Moon et al. [133]

AD

(n = 27)

0.08344 ± 0.02244

p = 0.002

0.0989 ± 0.03363

p < 0.001

0.04176 ± 0.02119

VaD

(n = 12)

0.0859 ± 0.01369

0.09481 ± 0.0297

0.03129 ± 0.0151

CN

(n = 18)

0.06396 ± 0.01638

0.05848 ± 0.02401

0.03671 ± 0.01895

Kim et al. [121]

AD

(n = 19)

0.00377 ± 0.002851

− 0.020649 ± 0.002052

p = 0.0010

− 0.019915 ± 0.002081

p = 0.0060

aMCI

(n = 19)

0.002047 ± 0.002789

− 0.02655 ± 0.002008

− 0.023543 ± 0.002036

CN

(n = 19)

− 0.003238 ± 0.002047

− 0.032943 ± 0.002099

− 0.030153 ± 0.002129

Du et al. [2]

AD

(n = 30)

(No quantitative information was provided)

(No quantitative information was provided)

CN

(n = 30)

Li et al. [122]

AD

(n = 22)

0.046 ± 0.011

P = 0.00

0.089 ± 0.024

p = 0.00

− 0.022 ± 0.006

0.005 ± 0.013

MCI

(n = 22)

0.044 ± 0.009

P = 0.00

0.071 ± 0.013

p = 0.00

− 0.020 ± 0.008

0.005 ± 0.013

SCD

(n = 25)

0.037 ± 0.006

p = 0.00

0.063 ± 0.012

p = 0.00

− 0.018 ± 0.009

− 0.002 ± 0.011

CN

(n = 25)

0.023 ± 0.019

0.031 ± 0.024

− 0.023 ± 0.009

− 0.004 ± 0.011

Julio Acosta-Cabronero et al. [21]

Early stage probable AD

(n = 8)

(No quantitative information was provided)

(No quantitative information was provided)

CN

(n = 11)

Tiepolt et al. [91]

AD

(n = 10)

R

L

R

L

R

L

R

L

0.0047 ± 0.0031

0.0031 ± 0.0041

− 0.0028 ± 0.0045

− 0.0020 ± 0.0046

0.0024 ± 0.0036

0.0029 ± 0.0040

CN

(n = 10)

0.0613 ± 0.0092

0.0482 ± 0.0052

− 0.0775 ± 0.0070

− 0.0513 ± 0.0072

0.0243 ± 0.0039

0.0328 ± 0.0060

Meineke et al. [141]

Mild-AD

(n = 29)

AD versus HC)difference(

0.0392

p < 0.05

0.0232

p < 0.05

0.8879

0.3689

MCI

(n = 31)

MCI vs HC)difference(

0.6026

0.2065

0.7037

0.4509

CN

(n = 41)

Kan et al. [142]

AD

(n = 38)

(No quantitative information was provided)

(No quantitative information was provided)

CN

(n = 36)

Shahmaei et al. [124]

PD

(n = 30)

0.153 ± 0.027

0.152 ± 0.022

0.119 ± 0.012

p = 0.005

0.239 ± 0.021

p < 0.001

CN

(n = 15)

0.155 ± 0.011

0.163 ± 0.032

0.108 ± 0.008

0.146 ± 0.026

Syam et al. [136]

PD

(n = 26)

0.042 ± 0.0097

0.0404 ± 0.0111

0.1108 ± 0.0205

p = 0.007**

PSP

(n = 27)

0.0569 ± 0.0121

p < 0.001

0.0641 ± 0.0186

p < 0.001

0.1443 ± 0.0301

p < 0.001

CN

(n = 26)

0.0408 ± 0.0083

0.0401 ± 0.0118

0.0852 ± 0.0149

Li et al. [129]

PD

(n = 31)

(No quantitative information was provided)

(No quantitative information was provided)

PDD

(n = 10)

(No quantitative information was provided)

CN

(n = 27)

Moon et al. [133]

AD

(n = 27)

0.13863 ± 0.03624

VaD

(n = 12)

0.13195 ± 0.02112

CN

(n = 18)

0.12678 ± 0.03244

Kim et al. [121]

AD

(n = 19)

− 0.019073 ± 0.002293

p = 0.0010

0.044097 ± 0.004568

aMCI

(n = 19)

− 0.027567 ± 0.002243

0.038721 ± 0.004468

CN

(n = 19)

− 0.032889 ± 0.002345

0.03804 ± 0.004672

Du et al. [2]

AD

(n = 30)

CN

(n = 30)

Li et al. [122]

AD

(n = 22)

0.084 ± 0.015

p = 0.00

MCI

(n = 22)

0.063 ± 0.015

p = 0.00

SCD

(n = 25)

0.053 ± 0.012

P = 0.00

CN

(n = 25)

0.033 ± 0.024

Julio Acosta-Cabronero et al. [21]

Early stage probable AD

(n = 8)

(No quantitative information was provided)

CN

(n = 11)

Tiepolt et al. [91]

AD

(n = 10)

R

L

R

L

R

L

− 0.0097 ± 0.0073

− 0.0056 ± 0.0063

− 0.0085 ± 0.0088

P < 0.0001

− 0.0071 ± 0.0116

P < 0.0001

CN

(n = 10)

− 0.0942 ± 0.0089

− 0.0637 ± 0.0111

0.2765 ± 0.0181

0.2929 ± 0.0140

Meineke et al. [141]

Mild-AD

(n = 29)

0.8163

MCI

(n = 31)

0.1110

CN

(n = 41)

Kan et al. [142]

AD

(n = 38)

(No quantitative information was provided)

CN

(n = 36)

Shahmaei et al. [124]

PD

(n = 30)

0.247 ± 0.028

p < 0.001

CN

(n = 15)

0.178 ± 0.027

Syam et al. [136]

PD

(n = 26)

0.1075 ± 0.021

PSP

(n = 27)

0.135 ± 0.0321

p = 0.004

CN

(n = 26)

0.1058 ± 0.0116

Li et al.[129]

PD

(n = 31)

PDD

(n = 10)

CN

(n = 27)