Table 1 Patient characteristics in the training and validation sets
Characteristics | Training set (n = 87) | Validation set (n = 37) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Clinical characteristics | |||
Sex (Male) | 58 (66.7) | 20 (54.1) | 0.26 |
Age (years) | 56.0 [49.5, 61.5] | 56.0 [50.0, 62.0] | 0.581 |
History of HBV infection | 68 (78.2) | 34 (91.9) | 0.115 |
History of cholelithiasis | 17 (19.5) | 7 (18.9) | 1 |
Cirrhosis | 27 (31.0) | 16 (43.2) | 0.271 |
AFP (> 20 ng/ml) | 15 (17.2) | 5 (13.5) | 0.803 |
CA19-9 (> 1000 U/ml) | 16 (18.4) | 2 (5.4) | 0.11 |
CEA (> 2.5 ng/ml) | 45 (51.7) | 21 (56.8) | 0.751 |
MR radiographic characteristics | |||
Arterial enhancement patterns | 0.194 | ||
Peripheral rim enhancement | 37 (42.5) | 11 (29.7) | |
Diffuse hyperenhancement | 18 (20.7) | 13 (35.1) | |
Diffuse hypoenhancement | 32 (36.8) | 13 (35.1) | |
Enhancement pattern | 0.844 | ||
Wash-out pattern | 13 (14.9) | 6 (16.2) | |
Persistent enhancement | 12 (13.8) | 7 (18.9) | |
Gradual enhancement | 54 (62.1) | 20 (54.1) | |
No or minimal enhancement | 8 (9.2) | 4 (10.8) | |
Irregular tumor margin | 40 (46.0) | 9 (24.3) | 0.04 |
Peritumoral enhancement | 22 (25.3) | 9 (24.3) | 1 |
Peritumoral biliary dilatation | 37 (42.5) | 13 (35.1) | 0.57 |
Target sign on DWI | 49 (56.3) | 16 (43.2) | 0.255 |
Multifocal tumor | 20 (23.0) | 7 (18.9) | 0.791 |
Tumor diameter (cm) | 50.0 [36.0, 65.5] | 47.0 [33.0, 63.0] | 0.533 |
Pathologic findings | |||
Surgical margin status (R1) | 5 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0.322 |
Macrovascular invasion | 28 (32.2) | 8 (21.6) | 0.332 |
Microvascular invasion | 29 (33.3) | 14 (37.8) | 0.783 |
Histologic differentiation | 0.808 | ||
Well or moderate | 39 (44.8) | 15 (40.5) | |
Poor | 48 (55.2) | 22 (59.5) | |
Lymph node metastasis | 37 (42.5) | 10 (27.0) | 0.154 |
T stage | 0.43 | ||
T1a | 29 (33.3) | 15 (40.5) | |
T1b | 15 (17.2) | 9 (24.3) | |
T2 | 41 (47.1) | 13 (35.1) | |
T3 | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
TNM stage | 0.207 | ||
IA | 26 (29.9) | 11 (29.7) | |
IB | 8 (9.2) | 7 (18.9) | |
II | 15 (17.2) | 9 (24.3) | |
III | 38 (43.7) | 10 (27.0) | |
Type of surgery | |||
Extension of hepatectomy | 0.019 | ||
Minor resection | 47 (54.0) | 29 (78.4) | |
Major resection | 40 (46.0) | 8 (21.6) | |
lymphadenectomy | 43 (49.4) | 15 (40.5) | 0.477 |
Adjuvant therapy | 0.331 | ||
None | 57 (65.5) | 20 (54.1) | |
Capecitabine | 7 (8.0) | 7 (18.9) | |
Gemcitabine + Capecitabine | 13 (14.9) | 5 (13.5) | |
Gemcitabine + Cisplatin | 10 (11.5) | 5 (13.5) | |
Early recurrence | 55 (63.2) | 22 (59.5) | 0.847 |