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Insights into Imaging
Fig. 5 | Insights into Imaging

Fig. 5

From: Automated segmentation of liver segment on portal venous phase MR images using a 3D convolutional neural network

Fig. 5

Examples of erroneous segmentations from AI in the clinical evaluation set. a A case of liver cirrhosis. Obvious intersegment misidentification occurred in the liver right lobe. Morphological changes in the liver and poor visualization of the hepatic veins can be observed in the corresponding source image. b A case of liver metastases. Oversegmentation errors occurred in the whole liver. Intrahepatic vasculature was diffusely invaded by metastases. c A case of gallbladder in ectopic locations. The gallbladder lies in the hepatic longitudinal fissure instead of the gallbladder fossa. Most likely for this reason, S4 was assigned to the left lobe by AI segmentation. d A case with hepatic vein variation. AI might mistake the large right posterior hepatic marginal vein for the right hepatic vein, which causes a rightward shift of the border line between the right anterior lobe and right posterior lobe. AI, artificial intelligence; S, segment.

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