Table 1 A summary of previous findings on potential feature exploration based on 18F-FDG PET/CT image of lung diseases
No. | Dose (MBq) | Scanner type | Scan time (min) | Respiratory gating | Reconstruction algorithm | Matrix size | PSF Modelling | Time of flight (TOF) | Image processing filter | Type of segmentation | Type of quantisation | Tumour size (cm3) | REF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.70–4.81 | Discovery ST4, GE Healthcare | 16–12 | No | OSEM | CT: 512 × 512 | No | No | Exponential filter, square filter, square root filter, logarithm filter and wavelet decomposition | Manual | – | – | [42] |
2 | VD: 370 FD: 400 | Validation DS: VCT-XT-Discovery, GE-Healthcare Feasibility DS: GE Discovery ST PETCT system (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) | – | No | OSEM | – | No | No | None | Automated | – | – | [50] |
3 | 210–620 | Discovery ST, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) | – | No | OSEM | – | No | No | – | Manual | Equal-probability and Lloyd–Max quantisation | – | [55] |
4 | 220 – 690 | Philips GE PET/CT scanner (Philips Medical Systems, USA) | – | No | RAMLA | – | No | No | 5-mm full-width at half-maximum Gaussian | Semi-automated | 64 grey-level quantisation | – | [57] |
5 | 350–550 | Siemens Biograph 6 LSO (Siemens, Erlangen Germany) or a General Electric Discovery 690 (General Electric Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) | – | No | Iterative, TOF, sharp IR | PET: 128 × 128, CT: 512 × 512 | No | Yes | None | Semi-automated | PET: 64 bins from 0 to 25,CT: 400 bins from − 1000 to 3000 | 1.64 ± 0.78 | [77] |
6 | 340–450 |  | 24–28 | No | OSEM | CT: 512 × 512 128 × 128 | No | No | None | Manual | 256 bins quantisation |  < 3 | [80] |
7 | 370 | ECAT EXACT 47 scanner (CTI/ Siemens, Munich, Germany) | – | No | OSEM | – | No | No | – | – | – | – | [86] |
8 | 350–550 | Siemens Biograph 6 LSO (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), General Electric Discovery 690 (General Electric Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) | – | No | Iterative, TOF, sharp IR | PET: 128 × 128, 256 × 256 CT: 512 × 512 | No | Yes | – | Semi-automatic | Tonal discretisation (64 bins) | – | [94] |
9 | – | GE I PET/CT scanner (Philips), | – | No | RAMLA | – | No | No | 5-mm full-width-at-half-maximum Gaussian | Automatic | – | – | [117] |
10 | 370–555 | General Electric Medical Systems, Waukesha, WI | 35 | Yes | OSEM | 128 × 128 | No | No | – | Automatic | – | – | [119] |
11 | 618–814 | Siemens Biograph PET/CT scanner (Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany) | Non-gated: 18–35 Gated: 20–30 | Yes | 3D PET: OSEM, 4D PET: OSEM | No-gated: 168 × 168 Gated: 256 × 256 | No | No | Non-gated: 7 mm full-width half- maximum Gaussian Gated: 5 mm full-width half-maximum Gaussian | – | 32 discrete values quantisation | – | [122] |
12 | 223–690 | GE I PET/CT scanner (Philips) | – | No | RAMLA | – | No | No | 5 mm in full width at half maximum Gaussian | Automatic | – | – | [138] |
13 | 550 | Philips GE I PET/CT, Philips Health Care, Cleveland, Ohio, USA | – | No | RAMLA | PET: 144 × 144, CT: 512 × 512 | No | No | – | Manual | – | 0.7–5.8 | [6] |
14 | 150–310 | Discovery MI, GE Healthcare | 15–20 | No | OSEM BSREM | 256 × 256 | Yes | Yes | 6.4-mm Gaussian filter with time-of-flight and PSF, and BSREM with a beta-value of 450 | Manual | – |  ≤ 2 | [71] |
15 | 555 | GE discovery LS 4 PET/CT scanner | – | No | OSEM | 128 × 128 | No | No | 8 mm full-width at half-maximum Gaussian | Manual | 256-bin discretisation | – | [76] |
16 | 350 – 450 | Biograph 16 Siemens Medical Solutions | 20–25 | No | OSEM | PET: 128 × 128, CT: 512 × 512 | No | No | 5 mm full-width at half-maximum Gaussian | Manual | – | 1.7–6.8 | [81] |
17 | – | Biograph 16 PET/CT scanner | 18–21 | No | OSEM | 164 × 164 | No | No | – | Manual | 64 bins quantisation | 1.7 – 6.8 | [93] |
18 | 270–410 | Biograph mCT scanner (Siemens, Germany) | – | No | OSEM | – | Yes | Yes | 4-mm full-width-at-half-maximum Gaussian | Manual | – |  > 3 | [102] |
19 | 440 ± 2.0 | GE Discovery STE PET/CT Scanner, GE Discovery 600 PET/CT Scanner | – | Yes | OSEM | – | No | No | 4.29 mm, 7 mm, or 10 mm full-width-at-half-maximum Gaussian filter | Automated | – | – | [123] |
20 | 370 | GE Discovery VCT scanner (Waukesha, WI) | – | No | 2D PET: OSEM 3D PET: Iterative- Vue Point algorithm | 2D: 128 × 128 3D: 256 × 256 | No | No | 3 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm post-filtration width | Semi-automated | – | – | [126] |
21 | 229.4 ± 22.2 | Biograph 64 mCT scanner (Siemens) | – | No | FBP and OSEM | 256 × 256,128 × 128 | Yes | Yes | 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.5 mm, 5.5 mm full-width at half-maximum Gaussian | Semi-automated | – |  < 5 | [127] |
22 | 740 | Siemens Biograph PET/CT scanner | 21–40 | Yes | OSEM | 3D: 168 × 168 4D: 256 × 256 | No | No | 3D scan: 7 mm full-width at half-maximum Gaussian 4D scan: 5 mm full-width at half-maximum Gaussian | Automated | – |  < 3 | [147] |