Table 2 Summary of reconstruction techniques for 3D cine CMRI

Liu et al. [28]

FB

–

Respiratory and cardiac self-gating. SoS acquisition. Temporal filtering is applied along cardiac phases. Non-isotropic reconstructions with data rejection

10–14 SA and 8 2CH–4CH slices. Spatial res., 1.25–1.33 mm², slice thickness, 10 mm (SA), 8 mm (2CH and 4CH). Temp. res., 44 ms (SA), 35 ms (2CH and 4CH)

Wech et al. [95]

Single-BH

–

CS-based method using undersampled SoS acquisition. Non-isotropic spatial resolution

AF = 10.7. Spatial res., 2.1 × 2.1 × 8 mm³ (12 slices). Temp. res., 40.5 ms. BH duration, 27 s

Coppo et al. [96]

FB

–

Free-running method based on 3D spiral phyllotaxis sampling. Respiratory self-gating and retrospective binning

AF = 9.8. Scan time, 14.28 min. Spatial res., 1.15 mm³. Temp. res., 20 ms (43 frames). Reconstruction time, 6 h

Jeong et al. [97]

Single-BH

kat-ARC

Auto-calibrating PI method for Cartesian sampling

AF = 8. Spatial res., 2 × 2 × 5 mm³. Temp. res., 36–70 ms. BH duration, 22 s

Usman et al. [39]

FB

CASPR-Tiger

Free-running CS method using iterative SENSE with tTV. Self-gated Cartesian acquisition with spiral profile ordering and tiny golden angle step. No data rejection

AF = 3.5–4. Scan time, 4–5 min. Spatial res., 2 mm³ (isotropic). Temporal res., 31–70 ms (16 cardiac phases). Reconstruction time, 2.5 h

Han et al. [40]

FB

ROCK

Self-gated CS method with spatial and temporal regularization and PI using a Cartesian k-space reordering method

Abdominal MRI. Scan time, 5 min. Spatial res., 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.6 mm³. 8 respiratory phases. Reconstruction time (BART), 10 min

Menchón et al. [98]

FB

MC-XD

CS method with cardio-respiratory ME-MC based on 3D nonrigid GW registration. Efficient spatial multiresolution strategy. Retrospective 3D spiral phyllotaxis sampling

AF = 24.38–34.8. Spatial res., 1 mm³ (isotropic). Temp. res., 43–50 ms (20 cardiac phases and 4 respiratory phases). Reconstruction time, 1.42 h

Wetzl et al. [99]

Single-BH

–

CS method with non-linear, iterative SENSE using Cartesian sampling pattern based on the spiral phyllotaxis. Nearly isotropic spatial resolution

AF = 23. Spatial res., 1.6 × 1.9 × 2.3 mm³. Temp. res., 42–48 ms. BH duration, 32 s. Reconstruction time, 10 min

Feng et al. [100]

FB

5D-GRASP

Extension of the XD-GRASP method for 3D spiral phyllotaxis trajectory with respiratory self-gating

AF = 18.3. Scan time, 14.28 min. Spatial res., 1.15 mm³ (isotropic). Temp. res., 40–50 ms (20 cardiac phases and 4 respiratory phases). Reconstruction time, 6.8 h