Table 1 Major neuroimaging findings in Down syndrome patients
From: Neuroimaging assessment in Down syndrome: a pictorial review
Organ system | Major imaging findings |
|---|---|
Head and neck | Reduction in head size/microcephaly Brachycephaly without craniosynostosis Platybasia Macroglossia |
Stenotic external auditory canal Ossicular chain abnormalities Hypoplasia/aplasia of the bony island of the lateral semi-circular canal Semi-circular canal dehiscence Stenosis of the cochlear nerve canal Stenosis of the internal auditory canal | |
Brain | Overall reduced brain volume Progressive brain atrophy Basal ganglia calcifications Malformations of the corpus callosum Stroke or hemorrhage (complications of moyamoya syndrome) |
Spine | Craniocervical instability Flattened surface of the occipital condyles Bifid anterior or posterior C1 arches Atlanto-occipital assimilation Congenital Os Odontoideum “Mickey Mouse” pelvis |
Vascular | Moyamoya syndrome Aberrant subclavian artery |