Fig. 7

The Kaiser score flowchart. The Kaiser score is assigned by following a simple flowchart from the top to the bottom, which lets the reader assign the presence or absence of four diagnostic criteria (presence of spiculation being a formal subgroup of margin assessment according to BI-RADS). The resulting score is associated with an increasing risk of malignancy (from 1 to 11) and can be translated into BI-RADS categories as follows: 1–4: minimal risk of breast cancer—BI-RADS 2/3; 5–7: intermediate risk of breast cancer—BI-RADS 4; 8–11: high risk of breast cancer—BI-RADS 5. Optional moderators include: presence of suspicious corresponding microcalcifications (+2) and high corresponding ADC values (-4). Further details and explanations are provided in the main text