Table 1 Various applications of single and double reading
From: Added value of double reading in diagnostic radiology,a systematic review
First reader | Second reader | Third reader | Grouping | Type of double reading | Application | Included in review | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specialist | Single reading | Single reading | Clinical practice | No | |||
CAD | Specialist | 1st reader non-specialist | Single reader aided by CAD | Mammography, chest CT | No | [8] | |
Non-radiologist | Specialist | Report by other profession such as radiographer or clinician overseen by radiology specialist | Clinical practice | No | [9] | ||
Resident | Specialist | Quality assurance | Teaching, clinical practice | No | [10] | ||
Specialist | Specialist | 2 readers | Independent reading; if one reader finds a lesion, the case is selected for further study, the OR rule | Screening | No | ||
Specialist | Specialist | Simultaneous reading to reach consensus | Clinical practice | Yes | [6] | ||
Specialist | Specialist | Serially, blinded to other report | Research | Yes | [11] | ||
Specialist | Specialist | Serially with knowledge of first report | Clinical practice | Yes | |||
Specialist | Specialist | Specialist | 3rd reader arbitration | Arbitration; third reader considers each specific disagreement and decides | Quality assurance, research | Yes | [7] |
Specialist | Specialist | Specialist | Pseudo-arbitration; third reader is not aware of the disagreements | Research | Yes | [7] | |
Specialist | Sub-specialist | Sub-specialist over-reading | Second reading with higher degree of sub-specialisation | Clinical practice | Yes | [5] |