Fig. 10
From: Multimodal imaging of the tricuspid valve: normal appearance and pathological entities
Quantification of tricuspid regurgitation (TR). (a) Vena contracta is the diameter of the smallest regurgitant flow (straight arrow) before expansion of the jet (curved arrow) in a four-chamber view. (b) Effective regurgitant orifice is measured from a short-axis cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) image through the tricuspid valve in systole. (c) Failure of coaptation of leaflets in four-chamber cine image (arrowheads) in a patient with significant TR (arrow). (d) Jet area (blue) and jet area/left atrial area are measured in a four-chamber SSFP or phase-contrast image. TR grade: mild > 5 cm2, moderate 6–10 cm2, severe >10 cm2. Ratio of regurgitant area to RA area: mild > 20 %, moderate 20–34 %, severe > 35 %. (e) Short-axis steady-state free precession (SSFP) image through the ventricles shows a flat ventricular septum (arrow). (f) CT image through the liver shows reflux of contrast through the hepatic veins and IVC