Fig. 14
From: Demystifying the persistent pneumothorax: role of imaging
A 70-year-old female with a history of left-sided empyema, status post drainage. Frontal chest radiograph (a) demonstrates a small left apical pneumothorax (white arrows). Axial CT (b) demonstrates a broncho-pleural fistula (thicker black arrow) secondary to parenchymal necrosis. In addition, pleural thickening (fibrothorax) surrounding the left lower lobe (small arrows) “traps” the lung, preventing it from fully expanding. This is also an example of an ex vacuo pneumothorax