Fig. 2

A 45-year-old female with diabetes, antiretroviral-treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and left partial staghorn nephrolithiasis at previous plain radiograph (A) and MDCT urography (B) presented 9 weeks after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with clinical and contrast-enhanced MDCT (C, D) evidence of nephrocutaneous fistulisation reaching a cutaneous orifice (arrowheads). Associated findings included ipsilateral hydronephrosis with parenchymal thinning, severely thickened hyperenhancing urothelium (thin arrows) in the ureteropelvic junction, proximal and mid-ureter, and multiple residual stone fragments along the lumbar ureter consistent with steinstrasse. Surgical treatment included nephro-ureterectomy with fistula debridement. (Partly reprinted with permission from [51])