Table 2 Predictors of poor outcome in patients with IE

Patient characteristics

 Older age

 Prosthetic valve IE

 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

  Comorbidity (e.g. previous disease, cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary)

Presence of complications of IE

  Heart failure

 Renal failure

  Stroke

 Septic shock

  Peri-annular complication

Valvular and peri-valvular complication

  Peri-annular complications

 Severe left-side valve regurgitation

  Low left ventricular ejection fraction

  Sign of pulmonary hypertension

  Large vegetation

  Severe prosthetic dysfunction

 Premature mitral valve closure and other signs of elevated diastolic pressures