Fig. 20

A-E Aortoventricular angle assessment. a The aortoventricular angle is best determined from the coronal view by determining the angle of the horizontal plane (blue) at the level of the ventricle and aortic annulus angulation (red). Green: aortic longitudinal access. b The aortoventricular angle is determined by the angle of the horizontal plane and the angle of the aortic annulus. In this case, the aortoventricular angle is 41º. (c, d) The AV angle can also be established during angiography, although it may be time consuming and disruptive during the actual procedure. e The angle can also be seen after deployment of the TAVR catheter (this patient had remote replacement of the mitral valve)