Table 7 Summary of reports on persistent global nephrograms

Older et al. (1976) [13]

Persistent nephrograms on plain films 24 h after angiography in 17/90 (19%) of patients of which 9/17 (53%) did have and 8/17 (47%) did not have significant change in renal function

↑SCr ≥20% or 26.40 μmol/l

HOCM

Love et al. (1989) [14]

Delayed CT cortical enhancement of 141.6 HU 22–26 h after angiography in 1/50 (2%) with any significant change in renal function. Cortical enhancement of 55–110 HU classified as “subclinical renal impairment”

↑SCr = 150% of baseline or 88 μmol/l

HOCM and LOCM

Jakobsen et al. (1992) [24]

Cortical attenuation of 52 ± 6 HU at 8–32 h in 40 healthy male volunteers after CECT. No change in renal function. (No focal CT nephrograms reported)

↑SCr, Cr Cl and urinary biomarkers

LOCM, LOCM ionic dimer

Yamazaki et al. (2001) [11]

Delayed CT cortical enhancement 16–21 h after TACE in 81/180 (45%) and nephropathy in 11/180 (6%) of treatments. Minimal cortical retention >50 HU and severe retention >100 HU

↑SCr ≥44 μmol/l or ≥25%

HOCM, LOCM, LOCM ionic dimer

Monsky et al. (2009) [12]

CT renal nephrograms 24 h post TACE in 14/60 (23.3%) treatments. Global nephrograms associated with significant (p = 0.031) change in SCr at 24 h. (Delayed segmental nephrograms associated with procedural factors)

↑SCr at 24 h and 24 h from baseline pre-TACE values

IOCM and LOCM