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Table 2 Summary of key results in published studies focusing on magnetic resonance imaging for treatment response evaluation and prognostication of hepatocellular carcinoma after thermal ablation

From: Magnetic resonance imaging for treatment response evaluation and prognostication of hepatocellular carcinoma after thermal ablation

Reference

Imaging finding

Clinical parameter

Primary outcome

Sheng et al. [14]

Multiplicity, tumors with no or disrupted periablational enhancement, and persistent hyperintensity in the central ablative zone on T1WI

Serum albumin < 3.5 g/dL

IDR

Hermida et al. [15]

Tumor size

Tumor size

Multiplicity

Multiplicity and steatotic HCC

Ultrasound guidance

AFP > 100 ng/mL

Treatment naivety and AFP > 100 ng/mL

ASA score > 2 and AFP

LTP and time-to-LTP

IDR

Time-to-IDR and RFS

OS

Hermida et al. [16]

Steatotic HCC

AFP

OS

Chaudhry et al. [18]

LI-RADS TRA, and arterial phase hyperenhancement

 

Histopathological tumor necrosis

Bae et al. [19]

Satellite nodules on HBP images

Satellite nodules and peritumoral hypointensity on HBP images

Serum albumin

Serum albumin and PT-INR

DFS

OS

Cha et al. [20]

Arterial rim enhancement plus other targetoid appearances

 

LTP, IDR, and EM within 2 years

Kang et al. [21]

Tumor size, tumor margin and HBP peritumoral hypointensity

 

LTP

Cools et al. [22]

LI-RADS TRA

 

Residual viable tumors at histopathology

Lee et al. [26]

NHHNs

Prothrombin activity and LTP

Child–Pugh class and EM

RFS

OS

Toyoda et al. [27]

NHHNs

 

Recurrence

Iwamoto et al. [28]

NHHNs

Child–Pugh class (B)

IDR and new intrahepatic recurrence

Inoue et al. [29]

NHHNs

Child–Pugh class (B)

IDR

Lee et al. [34]

NHHNs

-Presence of NHHNs

-Absence of NHHNs

 

RFS after resection and RFA

-Similar 5-year RFS after resection and RFA

-Better 5-year RFS after resection versus RFA

Koda et al. [39]

Ablation margin grading, and tumor size§

 

LTP

Takeyama et al. [40]

Ablation margin status

 

LTP

Lee et al. [41]

Periportal and subphrenic location of HCC and tumor size

HCV infection, Child–Pugh class B, platelet count, LTP, IDR, AIR, and EM

LTP

OS

Kawamura et al. [45]

Enhancement pattern type

Treatment procedure (touch ablation), and AFP ≥ 30 μg/L

Intrasubsegmental recurrence

Kondo et al. [46]

Bile duct dilatation affecting two or more subsegments, and tumor number

Bile duct dilatation affecting two or more subsegments, and tumor number

HCV infection, Child–Pugh class (B or C), AFP > 100 ng/mL, and DCP ≥ 100 mAu/mL

HCV infection, Child–Pugh class (B or C), and DCP ≥ 100 mAu/mL

Recurrence

Death

Kim et al. [47]

Ablation margin status

 

LTP

Mori et al. [49]

Hypointensity on the ADC map and tumor number

Hypointensity on the ADC map

Etiology (HCV)

Type IV collagen 7S and AFP

Recurrence

Survival

Ma et al. [50]

RADCmedian†

 

Tumor progression

Barat et al. [51]

ADC value at 1 month after RFA

 

Recurrence

Hu et al. [52]

ADC value and rim enhancement

 

LTP

Yuan et al. [55]

ADC, MD, MK

 

Recurrence

Kobe et al. [57]

The differences (ablation zone-tumor) of the perfusion parameters

 

LTR

Yoon et al. [58]

Ablation margin assessed by registration software

 

LTP

Wang et al. [59]

Peritumoral hypointensity and irregular protruding margin on HBP

 

Recurrence

Horvat et al. [60]

Textural features

 

Treatment response

Petukhova-Greenstein et al. [61]

A higher radiomic signature based on nodular and perinodular features, multifocality, the appearance of capsular continuity

 

PFS

Wen et al. [62]

Radiomics signature

Platelet count

Early recurrence

Lv et al. [63]

Radiomics signature, tumor shape, ADC value, DWI signal intensity, and ΔSI (signal intensity enhancement rate)

 

AIR

  1. ADC apparent diffusion coefficient; AFP alpha fetoprotein; AIR aggressive intrasegmental recurrence; ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists; DCP des-g-carboxy prothrombin; DWI diffusion weighted imaging; EM extrahepatic metastasis; HBP hepatobiliary phase; HCV hepatitis C virus; IDR intrahepatic distant recurrence; LTP local tumor progression; LTR local tumor recurrence; MD mean diffusion; MK mean kurtosis; NHHN nonhypervascular; HBP hypointense nodule; PT-INR prothrombin time-international normalized ratio; WI weighted imaging
  2. §Tumor size was an independent predictor of LTP, whereas ablative margin grading was not an independent predictor of LTP
  3. †RADCmedian was defined as the ratio of ADCmedian to the mean ADC of the non-lesion area