Characteristic | Training cohort (n = 121) | p value | Validation cohort (n = 33) | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proliferative HCC (n = 62) | Non-proliferative HCC (n = 59) | Proliferative HCC (n = 19) | Non-proliferative HCC (n = 14) | |||
Demographic | ||||||
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 58 ± 12 | 61 ± 10 | 0.45 | 57 ± 11 | 55 ± 11 | 0.57 |
Sex (male: female) | 51:11 | 50:9 | 0.71 | 17:2 | 12:2 | 0.74 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.06 ± 3.2 | 23.85 ± 3.36 | 0.72 | 24.09 ± 2.88 | 24.96 ± 3.58 | 0.45 |
Cirrhosis | 36 (58.06%) | 46 (77.97%) | 0.03* | 14 (73.68%) | 9 (64.29%) | 0.56 |
Etiology | Â | Â | 0.24 | Â | Â | 0.75 |
 Hepatitis virus | 56 (90.43%) | 49 (83.05%) |  | 14 (73.68%) | 11 (78.57%) |  |
 Non-hepatitis virus | 6 (9.68%) | 10 (16.95%) |  | 5 (26.32%) | 3 (21.43%) |  |
Preoperative laboratory results | ||||||
Albumin (g/dL) | 39.77 ± 4.44 | 38.75 ± 6.12 | 0.08 | 37.84 ± 5.45 | 40.21 ± 2.42 | 0.14 |
Total bilirubin (µmol/L) | 20.04 ± 14.96 | 18.87 ± 14.69 | 0.49 | 24.42 ± 15.03 | 17.31 ± 9.01 | 0.13 |
AFP (ng/mL) | Â | Â | 0.99 | Â | Â | 0.89 |
  ≤ 100 | 42 (67.74%) | 40 (67.80%) |  | 14 (73.68%) | 10(71.43%) |  |
  > 100 | 20 (32.26%) | 19 (32.20%) |  | 5 (26.32%) | 4 (28.57%) |  |
CEA (ng/mL) | Â | Â | 0.96 | Â | Â | 0.21 |
  > 5 | 2 (3.23%) | 2 (3.39%) |  | 2 (10.53%) | 0 |  |
  ≤ 5 | 60 (96.77%) | 57 (96.61%) |  | 17 (89.47%) | 14 (100%) |  |
CA125 (U/mL) | Â | Â | 0.39 | Â | Â | 0.07 |
  > 24 | 12 (19.35%) | 8 (13.56%) |  | 4 (21.05%) | 0 |  |
  ≤ 24 | 50 (80.65%) | 51 (86.44%) |  | 15 (78.95%) | 14 (100%) |  |
CA199 (U/mL) | Â | Â | 0.71 | Â | Â | 0.75 |
  > 25 | 17 (27.42%) | 18 (30.51%) |  | 5 (26.32%) | 3 (21.43%) |  |
  ≤ 25 | 45 (72.58%) | 41 (69.49%) |  | 14 (73.68%) | 11 (78.57%) |  |
INR unit | 1.055 ± 0.11 | 1.03 ± 0.11 | 0.12 | 1.08 ± 0.13 | 1.06 ± 0.07 | 0.87 |
ALT (IU/L) | 42.52 ± 38.23 | 35.10 ± 43.79 | 0.28 | 54.37 ± 63.91 | 28.5 ± 13.37 | 0.22 |
AST (IU/L) | 45.50 ± 42.36 | 44.81 ± 46.56 | 0.75 | 53.63 ± 63.17 | 28.57 ± 8.26 | 0.33 |
HCC lesion features | ||||||
Number of lesions | 63 | 61 | Â | 19 | 14 | Â |
Size (cm) | 3.69 ± 3.22 | 4.83 ± 3.63 | 0.01* | 4.55 ± 2.75 | 2.95 ± 2.98 | 0.021* |