Table 3 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses of predictors for histological differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma on training set
Characteristics | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95%CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95%CI) | β Coefficient | p value | |
Patient demographics | |||||
Age, year | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.234 | – | – | – |
Sex (male) | 0.96 (0.35, 2.68) | 0.941 | – | – | – |
Etiology (HBV-related) | 0.39 (0.05, 3.23) | 0.381 | – | – | – |
Child–Pugh stage (A vs. B) | 1.66 (0.14, 18.92) | 0.685 | – | – | – |
Tumor markers | |||||
AFP > 400 ng/mL | 3.18 (1.29, 7.80) | 0.012 | 3.58 (1.22, 10.54) | 1.28 | 0.021 |
CA199 > 30 U/mL | 1.57 (0.63, 3.94) | 0.334 | – | – | – |
CEA > 5 ng/mL | 0.80 (0.16, 4.01) | 0.790 | – | – | – |
Laboratory indexes | |||||
TBIL > 28 µmol/L | 1.33 (0.24, 7.22) | 0.742 | – | – | – |
ALT > 35 U/L | 1.32 (0.57, 3.02) | 0.516 | – | – | – |
AST > 35 U/L | 2.01 (0.86, 4.69) | 0.106 | – | – | – |
ALB > 55 g/L | 1.09 (0.39, 3.01) | 0.867 | – | – | – |
PLT > 125 × 109/L | 1.09 (0.48, 2.46) | 0.845 | – | – | – |
PT > 12.8 s | 1.58 (0.50, 4.98) | 0.433 | – | – | – |
LI-RADS v2018 feature | |||||
Size, cm | 1.21 (0.82, 1.77) | 0.337 | – | – | – |
Nonrim arterial phase hyperenhancement | 2.25 (0.68, 7.49) | 0.186 | – | – | – |
Nonperipheral “washout” | 0.82 (0.24, 2.80) | 0.754 | – | – | – |
Enhancing "capsule" | 0.89 (0.36, 2.18) | 0.794 | – | – | – |
Corona enhancement | 0.94 (0.36, 2.46) | 0.897 | – | – | – |
Fat sparing in solid mass | 2.25 (0.68, 7.49) | 0.186 | – | – | – |
Diffusion restriction | 1,780,766.87 (0, + ∞) | 0.992 | – | – | – |
Mild–moderate T2 hyperintensity | 4,942,535.01 (0, + ∞) | 0.991 | – | – | – |
Iron sparing in solid mass | 0.47 (0.15, 1.50) | 0.203 | – | – | – |
Transitional phase hypointensity | 5,048,826.06 (0, + ∞) | 0.989 | – | – | – |
Hepatobiliary phase hypointensity | 1.89 (0.22, 16.36) | 0.563 | – | – | – |
Nonenhancing “capsule” | 0.47 (0.10, 2.20) | 0.335 | – | – | – |
Nodule in nodule | 1.32 (0.53, 3.27) | 0.547 | – | – | – |
Mosaic architecture | 1.28 (0.45, 3.63) | 0.641 | – | – | – |
Fat in mass, more than adjacent liver | 1.22 (0.53, 2.77) | 0.640 | – | – | – |
Blood products in mass | 0.64 (0.20, 2.05) | 0.453 | – | – | – |
Iron in mass, more than liver | 1.09 (0.11, 10.90) | 0.940 | – | – | – |
Marked T2 hyperintensity | 55,576,658.67 (0, + ∞) | 0.989 | – | – | – |
Hepatobiliary phase isointensity | 0.64 (0.07,5.71) | 0.691 | – | – | – |
Tumor in vein | 1.66 (0.14, 18.92) | 0.685 | – | – | – |
Rim arterial phase hyperenhancement | 6.33 (1.42, 28.32) | 0.016 | – | – | – |
Peripheral “washout” | 1.22 (0.36, 4.14) | 0.754 | – | – | – |
Targetoid TP or HBP appearance | 3.34 (0.20, 55.15) | 0.398 | – | – | – |
Infiltrative appearance | 0.80 (0.21, 3.03) | 0.738 | – | – | – |
Marked diffusion restriction | 2.36 (1.03, 5.42) | 0.043 | – | – | – |
Necrosis or severe ischemia | 0.40 (0.09, 1.84) | 0.236 | – | – | – |
LR-M category | 7.92 (1.85, 33.97) | 0.005 | 5.60 (0.97–32.36) | 1.72 | 0.054 |
Other imaging feature | |||||
Liver surface retraction | 55,576,658.67 (0, + ∞) | 0.989 | – | – | – |
Adjacent biliary dilatation | 3.34 (0.20, 55.15) | 0.398 | – | – | – |
Radiologic cirrhosis | 1.09 (0.47, 2.55) | 0.835 | – | – | – |
Bilobar involvement | 2.61 (0.55, 12.39) | 0.227 | – | – | – |
Internal artery | 0.73 (0.19, 2.74) | 0.637 | – | – | – |
Non-smooth tumor margin | 1.31 (0.57, 2.98) | 0.523 | – | – | – |
Peritumoral hypointensity in PVP | 0.68 (0.21, 2.20) | 0.524 | – | – | – |
Peritumoral hypointensity in TP | 0.57 (0.15, 2.11) | 0.399 | – | – | – |
Peritumoral hypointensity in HBP | 1.69 (0.71, 4.04) | 0.237 | – | – | – |
Marked HBP hypointensity | 12.38 (4.75, 32.24) | < 0.001 | 9.98 (3.63, 27.46) | 2.30 | < 0.001 |
Single nodular type growth | 1.52 (0.64, 3.61) | 0.341 | – | – | – |
Peritumoral hyperintensity on T2WI | 2.60 (0.76, 8.90) | 0.128 | – | – | – |
Non-hypervascular HBP hypointense nodules | 1.51 (0.58, 3.92) | 0.395 | – | – | – |