Author, year | No. of Cases | CT | MRI | Target sign | Lollipop sign | Hepatic capsular retraction | Notes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CT/MRI (HBP) | Density | Enhancement | T1WI | T2WI | DWI | Enhancement | |||||||
Semelka et al. 2018 [[8]] | 0/13(0) | − | − | Hypo | Hyper | None | A: Peripheral ring enhancement (12/13); V, E: Progressive centripetal enhancement (9/13) | 9/13 | None | 8/13 | − | ||
Ganeshan et al. 2020 [[11]] | 67/30 (7) | Hypo | A: Peripheral ring enhancement (21/64); V: Target-like appearance (46/67) | None | Heterogeneous Hyper (29/30) | Heterogeneous Hyper (11/30) | Same as CT enhancement HBP: Homogeneous Hypointensity (3/7) Target-like appearance (4/7) | 46/67 | 20/67 | 54/67 | − | ||
Giardino et al. 2016 [[12]] | 0/7(0) | − | − | Moderate Hypo | Moderate Hyper | None | A: Peripheral ring enhancement (3/7); V: Centripetal progressive filling (7/7); E: Delayed enhancement (5/7) | 5/7 | None | 4/7 | − | ||
Zhou et al. 2015 [[13]] | 11/5(0) | Hypo | A: Mild uniform enhancement; V, D: No progressive enhancement (223/312) | Hypo | Heterogeneous Hyper | None | Same as CT enhancement | None | 6/11 | 6/11 | A total of 312 nodules were detected in 11 patients | ||
Sanduzzi-Zamparelli et al. 2020 [[15]] | 6/7(0) | Hypo | Progressive enhancement with gradually increasing enhancement (6/13) | Hypo | Iso/Hyper | None | Same as CT enhancement | None | None | 2/13 | Imaging analysis was performed in only 13 of the 24 patients | ||
Leonardou et al. 2002 [[17]] | 0/1(0) | − | − | Moderate Hypo | Moderate Hyper | None | Peripheral ring enhancement | None | None | None | − | ||
Thin et al. 2010 [[18]] | 5/4(0) | Hypo | Delayed enhancement | Moderate Hypo | Moderate Hyper | None | Delayed enhancement | 2/5 | None | 3/5 | − | ||
Azzam et al. 2012 [[19]] | 1/1(0) | Hypo | Mild or no enhancement in early stages with progressive filling | Hypo | Heterogeneous Hyper | None | Obvious ring enhancement on the arterial phase with centripetal progressive filling and decreasing intensity | 1 | − | 1 | − | ||
Gan et al. 2016[[20]] | 7/9(0) | Hypo | Centripetal enhancement | Hypo | Heterogeneous Hyper | Heterogeneous Hyper | Progressive peripheral ring enhancement (160/229) | 141/229 | 10/229 | 60/229 | A total of 229 lesions were detected in 14 patients | ||
Galletto et al. 2016 [[21]] | 1/1(0) | Hypo | A: No significant enhancement; V: Mild peripheral enhancement | Hypo | Heterogeneous Hyper | Heterogeneous Hyper | Mild, Heterogeneous and progressive enhancement | 1 | − | 1 | − | ||
Paolantonio et al. 2014 [[22]] | 0/11(8) | − | − | Hypo | Heterogeneous Hyper | Heterogeneous Hyper | Mild or Peripheral ring enhancement (7/11). HBP: Homogeneous Hypointensity (5/8), Target-like appearance (3/8) | 7/11 | None | 5/11 | − | ||
Chen et al. 2011 [[23]] | 7/5(0) | Hypo (6/7) Hyper (1/7) | None | Hypo (4/5); Iso (1/5) | Hyper (4/5), Iso/Hypo (1/5) | Hype (2/2) | A, V, E: Mild, ring or irregular progressive enhancement with lower intensification than the liver parenchyma; D: (130–142 s) The intensification of tumours is higher than the liver parenchyma (4/5) | CT (7/74); MRI (27/28) | None | None | 7 cases with 74 nodules detected by CT and 5 cases with 28 nodules detected by MRI | ||
Hsieh et al. 2010 [[24]] | 5/1(0) | None | None | None | None | None | Peripheral ring enhancement, and progressive centripetal enhancement (5/6) | None | None | 2/6 | − | ||
Kim et al. 2015 [[25]] | 10/7(5) | Hypo | Progressive enhancement with mild enhancement on the arterial phase (7/7) | Hypo | Hyper | None | A, V, E: Mild, circumferential, centripetal enhancement (7/7) HBP: Homogeneous Hypointensity (3/5), Target-like appearance (2/7) | 2/10 | None | 5/10 | − | ||
Fan et al. 2020 [[26]] | 1/1(0) | Hypo | A: Patchy enhancement; V: Homogeneous enhancement | Hypo | Slightly Hyper | Hype | Same as CT enhancement | 1 | − | − | A total of 27 nodules were detected |