Skip to main content

Table 3 Density and signal characteristics on imaging of literature review

From: CT and MRI features of hepatic epithelioid haemangioendothelioma: a multi-institutional retrospective analysis of 15 cases and a literature review

Author, year

No. of Cases

CT

MRI

Target sign

Lollipop sign

Hepatic capsular retraction

Notes

CT/MRI (HBP)

Density

Enhancement

T1WI

T2WI

DWI

Enhancement

Semelka et al. 2018 [[8]]

0/13(0)

 − 

 − 

Hypo

Hyper

None

A: Peripheral ring enhancement (12/13); V, E: Progressive centripetal enhancement (9/13)

9/13

None

8/13

 − 

Ganeshan et al. 2020 [[11]]

67/30 (7)

Hypo

A: Peripheral ring enhancement (21/64); V: Target-like appearance (46/67)

None

Heterogeneous Hyper (29/30)

Heterogeneous Hyper (11/30)

Same as CT enhancement

HBP: Homogeneous Hypointensity (3/7)

Target-like appearance (4/7)

46/67

20/67

54/67

 − 

Giardino et al. 2016 [[12]]

0/7(0)

 − 

 − 

Moderate Hypo

Moderate Hyper

None

A: Peripheral ring enhancement (3/7); V: Centripetal progressive filling (7/7); E: Delayed enhancement (5/7)

5/7

None

4/7

 − 

Zhou et al. 2015 [[13]]

11/5(0)

Hypo

A: Mild uniform enhancement; V, D: No progressive enhancement (223/312)

Hypo

Heterogeneous Hyper

None

Same as CT enhancement

None

6/11

6/11

A total of 312 nodules were detected in 11 patients

Sanduzzi-Zamparelli et al. 2020 [[15]]

6/7(0)

Hypo

Progressive enhancement with gradually increasing enhancement (6/13)

Hypo

Iso/Hyper

None

Same as CT enhancement

None

None

2/13

Imaging analysis was performed in only 13 of the 24 patients

Leonardou et al. 2002 [[17]]

0/1(0)

 − 

 − 

Moderate Hypo

Moderate Hyper

None

Peripheral ring enhancement

None

None

None

 − 

Thin et al. 2010 [[18]]

5/4(0)

Hypo

Delayed enhancement

Moderate Hypo

Moderate Hyper

None

Delayed enhancement

2/5

None

3/5

 − 

Azzam et al. 2012 [[19]]

1/1(0)

Hypo

Mild or no enhancement in early stages with progressive filling

Hypo

Heterogeneous Hyper

None

Obvious ring enhancement on the arterial phase with centripetal progressive filling and decreasing intensity

1

 − 

1

 − 

Gan et al. 2016[[20]]

7/9(0)

Hypo

Centripetal enhancement

Hypo

Heterogeneous Hyper

Heterogeneous Hyper

Progressive peripheral ring enhancement (160/229)

141/229

10/229

60/229

A total of 229 lesions were detected in 14 patients

Galletto et al. 2016 [[21]]

1/1(0)

Hypo

A: No significant enhancement; V: Mild peripheral enhancement

Hypo

Heterogeneous Hyper

Heterogeneous Hyper

Mild, Heterogeneous and progressive enhancement

1

 − 

1

 − 

Paolantonio et al. 2014 [[22]]

0/11(8)

 − 

 − 

Hypo

Heterogeneous Hyper

Heterogeneous Hyper

Mild or Peripheral ring enhancement (7/11). HBP: Homogeneous Hypointensity (5/8), Target-like appearance (3/8)

7/11

None

5/11

 − 

Chen et al. 2011 [[23]]

7/5(0)

Hypo (6/7)

Hyper (1/7)

None

Hypo (4/5); Iso (1/5)

Hyper (4/5), Iso/Hypo (1/5)

Hype (2/2)

A, V, E: Mild, ring or irregular progressive enhancement with lower intensification than the liver parenchyma; D: (130–142 s) The intensification of tumours is higher than the liver parenchyma (4/5)

CT (7/74);

MRI (27/28)

None

None

7 cases with 74 nodules detected by CT and 5 cases with 28 nodules detected by MRI

Hsieh et al. 2010 [[24]]

5/1(0)

None

None

None

None

None

Peripheral ring enhancement, and progressive centripetal enhancement (5/6)

None

None

2/6

 − 

Kim et al. 2015 [[25]]

10/7(5)

Hypo

Progressive enhancement with mild enhancement on the arterial phase (7/7)

Hypo

Hyper

None

A, V, E: Mild, circumferential, centripetal enhancement (7/7)

HBP: Homogeneous Hypointensity (3/5), Target-like appearance (2/7)

2/10

None

5/10

 − 

Fan et al. 2020 [[26]]

1/1(0)

Hypo

A: Patchy enhancement; V: Homogeneous enhancement

Hypo

Slightly Hyper

Hype

Same as CT enhancement

1

 − 

 − 

A total of 27 nodules were detected

  1.  − , negative, A arterial phase, V portal venous phase, E equilibrium phase, D delay pattern, HBP hepatobiliary phase, Hypo hypodensity/intensity, Iso isodensity/intensity, Hyper hyperdensity/intensity