Fig. 4

The ROC curves of the radiomics nomogram, radiomic signature (Rad-score), conventional MRI evaluation model, apex crowding sign, optic nerve stretching sign and muscle index (MI) in the development (a) and validation (b) cohorts. The AUC of the radiomics nomogram in the development and validation cohorts is 0.921 and 0.876, respectively. Apex, apex crowding sign; MI, muscle index; Stretching, optic nerve stretching sign; Convention, conventional MRI evaluation model; Nomogram, radiomics nomogram