Table 1 Demographic information and MRI scans parameters related to research examined research in this study

Au et al. [125]

13 Patients with early stage AD, 10 patients with late stage AD, and 30 healthy subjects

3 T

3D fast-field echo

45 ms

8echoes/ΔTE:5.2 ms/TE1:4.0 ms

Syam et al. [136]

26 Patients with PD, 27 patients with PSP, and 26 healthy subjects

3 T

3D multi-echo gradient-echo

62.2 ms

5 echoes/range 5.7–29.5 ms

Li et al. [132]

114 Healthy subjects

3 T

Gradient echo imaging

53 ms

40 ms

336 Healthy subjects

3 T

25 ms

17.5 ms

173 Healthy subjects

1.5 T

25 ms

17.5 ms

Cogswell et al. [126]

296 Healthy subjects, 69 patients with MCI, and 56 patients with amnestic dementia

3 T

3D-MEGRE

28 ms

6.7, 10.6, 14.5,18.4, and 22.4 ms

Fedeli et al. [127]

26 Patients with primary atypical parkinsonisms, and 49 patients with PD

3 T

3D spoiled multi-echo GRE sequences

36 ms

5, 12, 19, 26, and 33 ms

Shahmaei et al. [124]

30 Patients with PD and 15 healthy subjects

3 T

GRE T2*

38 ms

4 and 41.8 ms

Li et al. [122]

22 Patients with AD, 22 Patients with MCI, 25 Patients with SCD, and 25 healthy subjects

3 T

3D multi-echo gradient-echo

41.8 ms

16 echoes/ΔTE: 2.3 ms/TE₁: 3.3 ms

Pu et al. [134]

16 Healthy adult macaques

3 T

3D multi-echo gradient-echo

60 ms

32 echoes/ΔTE = 1.42 ms/TE₁: 2.4 ms

Spotorno et al. [135]

236 Amyloid-b-positive subjects, 78 cognitively unimpaired, and 158 cognitively impaired patients

3 T

3D multi-echo gradient-echo

24 ms

5.00, 8.80, 12.60, 16.40, and 20.20 ms

Spincemaille [139]

10 Healthy subjects

3 T

3D multi-echo gradient-echo

24.48 ms

5 echoes:

3.85, 7.97, 12.09, 16.21, and 20.33 ms

45.08 ms

10 echoes:

3.85, 7.97, 12.09, 16.21, 20.33, 24.45, 28.57, 32.69, 36.81, and 40.93 ms

7 T

3D multi-echo gradient-echo

24.55 ms

5 echoes:

3.81, 7.91, 12.00, 16.10, and 20.20 ms

45.03 ms

10 echoes:

3.81, 7.91, 12.00, 16.10, 20.20, 24.29, 28.39, 32.48, 36.58, and 40.68 ms

Li et al. [131]

10 Healthy subjects

3 T

3D multi-echo gradient-echo

40 ms

6 echoes/ΔTE: 6 ms/TE₁: 6 ms

Gong et al. [92]

4 Pairs of transgenic mice with abnormal beta amyloid-aggregation (Tg-SwDI)

7 T

3D multi-echo gradient-echo

250 ms

TE1: 3.72 ms /ΔTE: 5.52 ms/TE10: 53.36 ms

Du et al. [2]

30 Patients with AD

3 T

3D gradient-echo (GRE)

22.9 ms

3.2 ms

Li [129]

31 Non-demented PD patients, 10 patients with PDD and 27 healthy subjects

3 T

SWI with velocity-compensated 3D fast-field echo

TR/TE: 28/23 ms

Kim et al. [121]

19 Patients with aMCI, 19 patients with mild and probable AD, and 19 healthy subjects,

3 T

3D fast field-echo (FFE)

43 ms

TE₁: 3.4 ms/ΔTE: 6.0 ms/ TE_7: 39 ms

Wei et al. [140]

7 Healthy subjects

3 T

Standard flow-compensated 3D fast spoiled-gradient-recalled (SPGR)

TR/TE: 50/40 ms

Ide et al. [128]

19 Patients with PD and 41 healthy subjects

3 T

3D multi-echo spoiled gradient echo (GRE)

58.4 ms

11 echoes/ΔTE: 5 ms/TE₁: 4.5 ms

Moon et al. [133]

12 Patients with VaD, 27 patients with AD, and 18 healthy subjects

3 T

Susceptibility-weighted angiography sequence [SWAN]

37 ms

8echoes/ΔTE: 4.09 ms/TE₁:3.5 ms

Sun et al. [57]

6 Healthy subjects

1.5 T

Standard gradient recalled echo (GRE)

3D-radiofrequency spoiled GRE

TR/TE: 49/40 ms

Acosta-Cabronero et al. [21]

8 Patients with early-stage probable AD

3 T

Susceptibility-weighted-imaging

35 ms

20 ms