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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients according to the presence or absence of adverse outcomes

From: Impact of diagnostic errors on adverse outcomes: learning from emergency department revisits with repeat CT or MRI

Characteristics

All patients

AO group

Non-AO group

P

No. of patients

1054

199 (18.9%)

855 (81.1%)

 

Age (years)a

56.0 ± 15.7

57.9 ± 14.6

55.5 ± 15.9

.05

Sex, maleb

532 (50.5%)

112 (56.3%)

420 (49.1%)

.07

Comorbiditiesb

Malignancy

365 (34.6%)

96 (48.2%)

269 (31.5%)

< .001

DM

203 (9.3%)

38 (19.1%)

165 (19.3%)

.95

CAD

95 (9.0%)

22 (11.1%)

73 (8.5%)

.26

CKD

54 (5.1%)

8 (4.0%)

46 (5.4%)

.43

Asthma

30 (2.8%)

3 (1.5%)

27 (3.2%)

.34

COPD

25 (2.4%)

8 (4.0%)

17 (2.0%)

.09

Revisit timingb

   

.74

Early (≤ 72 h)

546 (51.8%)

101 (50.8%)

445 (52.0%)

 

Late (72 h–7 days)

508 (48.2%)

98 (49.2%)

410 (48.0%)

 

Diagnostic error status at index visitb

   

< .001

1. Radiologic errors

121 (11.5%)

51 (25.6%)

70 (8.2%)

< .001

Misdiagnoses

59 (5.6%)

31 (15.6%)

28 (3.3%)

< .001

D-RT

62 (5.9%)

20 (10.1%)

42 (4.9%)

.006

2. Clinician errors

110 (10.4%)

26 (13.1%)

84 (9.8%)

.18

3. Non-errors

823 (78.1%)

122 (61.3%)

701 (82.0%)

< .001

Disease categories at index visitb

   

< .001

1. Neurologic diseases

309 (29.3%)

44 (22.1%)

265 (31.0%)

.01

2. Digestive diseases

159 (15.1%)

45 (22.6%)

114 (13.3%)

.001

3. Neoplasms

150 (14.2%)

51 (25.6%)

99 (11.6%)

< .001

4. Traumatic injuries

99 (9.4%)

6 (3.0%)

93 (10.9%)

< .001

5. Respiratory diseases

50 (4.7%)

10 (5.0%)

40 (4.7%)

.84

6. Genitourinary diseases

42 (4.0%)

5 (2.5%)

37 (4.3%)

.24

7. Infection

38 (3.6%)

5 (2.5%)

33 (3.9%)

.36

8. Circulatory diseases

29 (2.8%)

13 (6.5%)

16 (1.9%)

< .001

9. Healthcare-related complications

17 (1.6%)

6 (3.0%)

11 (1.3%)

.08

10. Other diseases

161 (15.3%)

14 (7.0%)

147 (17.2%)

< .001

(1) Mental or behavioral disorder

27 (2.6%)

2 (1.0%)

25 (2.9%)

.14

(2) Musculoskeletal or connective tissue diseases

15 (1.4%)

5 (2.5%)

10 (1.2%)

.15

(3) Visual and ear diseases

15 (1.4%)

2 (1.0%)

13 (1.5%)

.75

(4) Endocrine or metabolic diseases

12 (1.1%)

2 (1.0%)

10 (1.2%)

1.0

(5) Hematologic diseases

2 (0.2%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (0.2%)

1.0

(6) Immune system diseases

2 (0.2%)

1 (0.5%)

1 (0.1%)

.34

(7) Skin diseases

2 (0.2%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (0.2%)

1.0

(8) Non-diagnostic conditions

86 (8.2%)

2 (1.0%)

84 (9.8%)

< .001

Patient disposition at revisitb

   

< .001

Admission

530 (50.3%)

171 (85.9%)

359 (42.0%)

< .001

Discharge

480 (45.5%)

21 (10.6%)

459 (53.7%)

< .001

Transfer

42 (4.0%)

5 (2.5%)

37 (4.3%)

.24

Death in the ED

2 (0.2%)

2 (1.0%)

0 (0.0%)

.04

Conditions of adverse outcomesb

    

Delayed operation

103 (9.8%)

103 (51.8%)

N/A

 

30-day in-hospital mortality

69 (6.5%)

69 (34.7%)

N/A

 

ICU admission

61 (5.8%)

61 (30.7%)

N/A

 
  1. aData are mean ± SD
  2. bData are number of patients, with percentages in parentheses. The sum of percentages may not be exactly 100% owing to rounding
  3. CAD, Coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; AO, adverse outcome; ED, emergency department; D-RT, delayed radiology reporting time; N/A, not applicable; ICU, intensive care unit