Machine learning-based CT radiomics approach for predicting WHO/ISUP nuclear grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: an exploratory and comparative study

Insights into Imaging

Table 4 Risk factors for WHO/ISUP nuclear grade of CCRCC according to univariate and multivariate analysis

Characteristics	Kappa value	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Characteristics	Kappa value	OR	95% CI	p value	OR	95% CI	p value
Tumor size	0.875	7.845	3.652–12.355	< 0.001	0.992	0.852–1.155	0.918
Hematuria	0.867	2.106	11.082–4.101	0.026	1.145	0.482–2.720	0.758
Distant metastasis	0.831	–	–	-	–	–	0.999
Intratumoral necrosis	0.854	4.465	2.543–7.838	< 0.001	2.745	1.424–5.292	0.003
Calcification	0.905	4.502	1.965–10.311	< 0.001	4.293	1.629–11.314	0.003
Violation of renal capsule	0.814	5.092	2.854–9.086	< 0.001	1.642	1.642–3.446	0.190
Angiogenesis	0.779	11.486	5.766–22.879	< 0.001	3.805	1.741–8.313	0.001
Venous invasion	0.923	16.400	3.336–80.624	< 0.001	4.037	0.663–24.583	0.130
Perinephric metastasis	0.867	7.849	3.989–15.446	< 0.001	3.032	1.283–7.168	0.011