Table 2 Comparison of demographic and radiological characteristics between high- and low-grade CCRCCs

Full cohort, n (%)

406 (100%)

184 (45.3%)

43 (10.6%)

–

–

46 (11.3%)

11 (2.7%)

–

–

100 (24.6%)

22 (5.4%)

–

–

Age (years)

56.87 ± 12.09

60.33 ± 11.13

2.93

0.088

55.63 ± 10.74

59.64 ± 11.17

1.22

0.28

58.25 ± 12.19

56.32 ± 16.14

0.40

0.53

Gender, n (%)

Male

109 (59.2%)

27 (62.8%)

0.183

0.669

25 (54.3%)

7 (63.6%)

0.31

0.58

55 (55.0%)

17 (77.3%)

3.70

0.05

Female

75 (40.8%)

16 (37.2%)

21 (45.7%)

4 (36.4%)

45 (45.0%)

5 (22.7%)

BMI (kg/m²)

24.25 ± 3.42

24.06 ± 5.00

0.087

0.768

24.18 ± 3.59

23.87 ± 2.19

0.08

0.78

24.93 ± 5.13

22.87 ± 2.96

3.30

0.07

Smoking history, n (%)

57 (31.0%)

18 (41.9%)

1.87

0.17

11 (23.9%)

4 (36.4%)

0.71

0.40

37 (37.0%)

8 (36.4%)

0.003

0.96

Hypertension, n (%)

67 (37.4%)

12 (27.9%)

1.11

0.29

17 (37.0%)

3 (27.3%)

0.37

0.55

41 (41.0%)

7 (31.8%)

0.64

0.43

Diabetes, n (%)

21 (11.4%)

9 (20.9%)

2.75

0.097

9 (19.6%)

0 (0.0%)

2.56

0.11

19 (19%)

4 (18.2%)

0.008

0.93

Tumor size (cm)

4.18 ± 1.86

5.76 ± 3.12

18.72

 < 0.001

4.06 ± 2.37

6.23 ± 1.67

8.20

0.006

4.32 ± 2.15

5.75 ± 2.87

6.95

0.009

Tumor location, n (%)

Left

103 (56.0%)

20 (46.5%)

1.26

0.26

21 (45.7%)

2 (20.0%)

2.23

0.135

54 (54.0%)

14 (63.6%)

0.68

0.41

Right

81 (44.0%)

23 (53.5%)

25 (54.3%)

8 (80.0%)

46 (46.0%)

8 (36.4%)

Operative method, n (%)

Partial

109 (59.2%)

11 (25.6%)

15.85

 < 0.001

32 (69.6%)

2 (18.2)

9.74

0.002

51 (51.0%)

7 (31.8%)

2.66

0.10

Radical

75 (40.8%)

32 (74.4%)

14 (30.4%)

9 (81.8%)

49 (49.0%)

15 (68.2%)

Hematuria, n (%)

13 (7.1%)

9 (20.9%)

7.66

0.006

10 (21.7%)

0 (0.0%)

2.90

0.089

11 (11.0%)

6 (27.3%)

3.98

0.046

Flank pain, n (%)

26 (14.1%)

6 (14.0%)

0.001

0.98

4 (8.7%)

3 (27.3%)

2.84

0.092

18 (18.0%)

6 (27.3%)

0.98

0.32

Distant Metastasis, n (%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (2.3%)

4.30

0.038

0 (0.0%)

1 (2.3%)

4.30

0.038

0 (0.0%)

1 (4.5%)

4.58

0.032

Necrosis, n (%)

76 (41.3%)

31 (72.1%)

13.26

 < 0.001

19 (41.3%)

11 (100.0%)

12.67

 < 0.001

40 (40.0%)

15 (68.2%)

5.79

0.016

Cystic Degeneration, n (%)

19 (10.4%)

4 (9.3%)

0.044

0.83

5 (10.9%)

1 (9.1%)

0.03

0.863

10 (10.0%)

0 (0.0%)

2.40

0.12

Calcification, n (%)

9 (4.9%)

6 (14.0%)

4.64

0.031

1 (2.2%)

2 (18.2%)

4.56

0.033

2 (2.0%)

4 (18.2%)

10.10

0.001

Violation of the Renal Capsule, n (%)

25 (13.6%)

19 (44.2%)

20.89

 < 0.001

3 (6.5%)

0 (0.0%)

0.76

0.38

7 (7.0%)

10 (45.5%)

22.24

 < 0.001

Angiogenesis, n (%)

101 (54.9%)

36 (83.7%)

12.11

0.001

23 (50.0%)

10 (90.9%)

6.10

0.014

60 (60.0%)

20 (90.9%)

7.63

0.006

Venous invasion, n (%)

1 (0.5%)

6 (14.0%)

20.97

 < 0.001

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

–

–

1 (1.0%)

1 (4.5%)

1.41

0.24

Perinephric Metastasis, n (%)

12 (6.5%)

15 (34.9%)

26.75

 < 0.001

2 (4.3%)

2 (18.2%)

2.60

0.11

4 (4.0%)

7 (31.8%)

17.01

 < 0.001