Table 1 The accuracy of imaging techniques in determining inguinofemoral lymph node metastases confirmed by histological examination
From: Vulvar cancer staging: guidelines of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR)
Imaging detection of inguinofemoral lymph nodes metastases | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnostic investigation, study (year), [reference number] | Study design | Number of patients | Imaging modality | Imaging criteria | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | |
Moskovic et al. [13] | Prospective | 24 | US | Round shape, or irregular configuration and loss of fatty hilum | 85 | 83 | |
US combined with FNA | 83 | 82 | |||||
Hall et al. [14] | Prospective | 44 | US | Combination of lymph node size, shape, preservation/absence of an echogenic hilum, general attenuation and vascularity on Doppler | 86 | 96 | |
US combined with FNA | 93 | 100 | |||||
Sohaib et al. [10] | Retrospective | 21 | MRI | Short axis ≥ 1 cm | 40 | 97 | |
Short axis ≥ 0.8 cm | 50 | 100 | |||||
Hawnaur et al. [15] | Prospective | 10 | MRI | Long axis > 2, 1 cm, short axis > 1 cm, long-to-short axis diameter ratio < 1.3:1, irregular contour, and intranodal cystic changes | 89 | 91 | |
Bipat et al. [16] | Retrospective | 60 | MRI | Combination of size (short axis), shape, contour, and aspect | 52 | 85– 89 | |
Singh et al. [17] | Retrospective | 39 | MRI | Combined criteria (2 out of 3): short-axis > 1 cm; irregular or rounded shape; increased signal intensity on STIR or heterogeneous signal-intensity on T2-WI | 85.7 | 82.1 | |
Kataoka et al. [11] | Retrospective | 49 | MRI | Short/long axis ratio ≥ 0.75 | 81.3 | 89.7 | |
Contour | 65.6 | 75.0 | |||||
Necrosis | 37.5 | 93.1 | |||||
Loss of fatty hilum | 75.0 | 72.4 | |||||
Similarity of SI with primary tumour | 82.1 | 60.0 | |||||
Readers’s confidence of metastasis | 87.5 | 86.2 | |||||
Cohn et al. [18] | Prospective | 15 | PET | FDG uptake | 67 | 90 | |
Hullu et al. [19] | Prospective | 25 | PET | TYR uptake | 75 | 62 | |
Crivellaro et al. [20] | Prospective | 29 | PET/CT | FDG uptake | 53 | 85 | |
Andersen et al. [21] | Prospective | 27 | CT | Short axis > 1 cm or abnormal pattern of CE | 60 | 90 | |
Pounds et al. [22] | Prospective | 116 | CT | – | 59.1 | 77.8 | |
Bohlin et al. [23] | Retrospective | 134 | CT | Short axis > 1 cm or abnormal shape, attenuation or CE | Tumours < 4 cm (n = 87) | ||
17 | 95 | ||||||
Tumours ≥ 4 cm (n = 47) | |||||||
67 | 100 | ||||||