Fig. 8

Absent infrarenal IVC with multiple collateral pathways. Contrast-enhanced delayed venous phase on a CT abdomen and pelvis demonstrates prominent superficial abdominal, epigastric and gonadal veins draining the lower extremities. a Coronal CT image shows paired renal veins (arrowheads) draining into the caudal end of the IVC (asterisk). An aortic stent (arrow) is visualised inferior to the left renal vein. b Axial CT shows prominent external pudendal veins (arrowheads), and the left femoral vein (asterisk) receiving a distended superficial inferior epigastric vein (arrow). c Axial CT image with a distended left gonadal vein (asterisk). Small calibre unenhanced infrarenal IVC (arrow) is suggestive of chronic occlusion. Enhanced right inferior epigastric and abdominal wall veins are also visualised (arrowhead). d Axial CT demonstrates bilateral enlarged pelvic veins (arrows)