Fig. 18From: The inferior vena cava: anatomical variants and acquired pathologiesHepatocellular carcinoma invading the IVC. a–c Coronal multiphase CT images show a 12 × 11 cm necrotic hepatic lesion invading the hepatic and supradiaphragmatic IVC. The thrombus (arrows) demonstrates enhancement in both (a) arterial and (b) portal venous phases, with complete washout in the (c) delayed phase. d Axial CT shows near complete obstruction of the hepatic IVC (arrowhead). e US Abdomen demonstrates a hyperechoic hepatic mass extending into the right hepatic vein and IVCBack to article page