Table 4 T-stage errors by category
Error group | Error type | Description | Training (n = 200) | Validation (n = 225) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Data selection | Sectionizer | Detects information in wrong subheadings | 1 | 3 |
Missing blacklist synonyms | Falsely matched/falsely not excluded | 0 | 5 | |
Context | Context missing | Context not matched because of missing modifier | 1 | 0 |
Context mismatch | Context mismatch, wrong modifier detected | 1 | 3 | |
Concept matching | Measurement extractor | e.g., using abbreviations (e.g., (AP) × (TVR) × (SI)) | 1 | 2 |
Complexity | T4 multiple lobes | 2 | 1 | |
Ambiguity | Confusion between node and mass (specific site: hilar) | 4 | 7 | |
Nonspecific | 4 | 9 | ||
Missing concepts synonyms | Lobulated | 1 | 0 | |
Cystic | 2 | 0 | ||
Pleural thickening | 1 | 0 | ||
Spinal metastasis | 1 | 0 | ||
Costal involvement | 0 | 1 | ||
Supraclavicular extension | 0 | 1 | ||
Reporter | Wrong input | Different sizes for the same tumor, no unit (mm/cm) present, size for tumor and atelectasis | 7 | 2 |
Satellite node | 1 | 1 | ||
Total errors | 27 | 35 |