Table 1 Summary of the posterior fossa extra-axial medulloblastomas documented in the PubMed database, which could aid to distinguish from typical intra-axial medulloblastoma
No | Authors | Origin | Age/sex | CT characteristics | MR characteristics | Management | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kumar et al. [2] | CPA | 9 years/M | Hyperdense mass on plain scans, with heterogeneous enhancement | T1: hypointense; T2: heterogenous; CEMR: mass enhancement | Tumor excision; chemotherapy and radiotherapy | Died |
CPA | 8 years/M | Iso-to hypodense mass with heterogeneous enhancement | – | Tumor excision; radiotherapy | Died | ||
CPA | 20 years/F | – | T1 and T2: heterogeneous signal; CEMR: heterogeneous enhancement | Tumor excision; radiotherapy | Improved | ||
CPA | 24 years/M | Heterogenous mass | – | Subtotal resection; chemotherapy | Died | ||
2 | Spina et al. [5] | CPA (2 cases) | 22 years/M 26 years/F | – | T2/FLAIR: hyperintense; CEMR: heterogeneous enhancement | Total excision; radiotherapy | Improved |
3 | Fallah et al. [9] | CPA | 47 years/M | Homogenously enhancing mass with well-defined borders | – | Total excision; radiotherapy | – |
4 | Furtado et al. [10] | CPA | 32 years/M | Hyperdense mass on plain scan | T1: hypointense; T2: mixed intensity; CEMR: heterogenous enhancement + dural tail sign; MRS: choline and taurine peak increase and creatine peak decrease | Total excision; radiotherapy | Improved |
5 | Bhaskar et al. [12] | CPA | Infant/M | Hyperdense mass on plain scans | T1: hypointense; T2: isointense; CEMR: intense homogenous enhancement | Total excision | Died, postoperative day 20 |
6 | Yamada et al. [16] | CPA | 19 years/F | Hypoattenuated mass with homogenous enhancement | T1: hypointense; CEMR: mass enhancement | Subtotal resection; immunotherapy and radiotherapy | Improved, with no recurrence |
7 | Akay et al. [17] | CPA | 21 years/M | Heterogenous high attenuation | T1: hypointense; T2: hyperintense; CEMR: heterogeneous | Subtotal resection; chemotherapy and radiotherapy | Improved |
8 | Jaiswal et al. [18] | CPA (14 cases) | 3–53 years/seven M and six F | Heterogeneous attenuation with necrosis | T1: hypointense; T2: hyperintense; CEMR: heterogenous | Seven patients: Total excision; seven patients: subtotal resection; total eight patients received chemotherapy | Follow-up: nine cases Recurrence: two cases Symptom-free: seven cases |
9 | Becker et al. [22] | CPA (two cases) and tentorial (three cases) | 28–52 years/one M and four F | – | Heterogenous signal intensity and enhancement | – | – |
10 | Meshkini et al. [23] | Lateral cerebellar | 19 years/F | – | CEMR: heterogenous intense enhancement with cystic changes | Tumor resection | – |
CPA | 7 years/F | – | CEMR: heterogenous intense enhancement with cystic changes | Tumor resection | – | ||
11 | Doan et al. [24] | Tentorial | 29 years/M | – | CEMR: homogenous enhancement + dural tail sign | Subtotal resection; chemotherapy and radiotherapy | – |
12 | Presutto et al. [25] | Lateral cerebellar | 33 m/M | Mildly hyperattenuating on plain scans, with homogenous enhancement | T2/FLAIR: hyperintense; DWI: restricted diffusion | Total resection | Improved |
13 | Chung EJ, et al. [26] | Lateral cerebellar | 5 years/M | – | T1: isointense; T2: isointense; CEMR: homogeneous enhancement | Tumor excision; radiotherapy | Improved |
14 | Pant I et al. [45] | CPA | 15 years/M | T2: heterogeneous signal intensity with necrotic areas/cystic degeneration; CEMR: heterogeneous enhancement; DWI: restricted diffusion | Tumor resection | – | |
15 | Gil-Salu et al. [49] | CPA | 40 years/M | Homogeneously enhancing mass | Homogenous enhancement | Total excision; adjuvant therapy | – |
16 | Singh et al. [50] | CPA | 21 years/M | Heterogeneously non-enhancing mass | Heterogenous signal intensity and enhancement | Total excision | Recurrence and metastasis at 15 months |
17 | Bahrami et al. [51] | CPA | 23 years/M | – | T1: hypointense; T2: hyperintense; CEMR: heterogenous | Total excision; radiotherapy | Improved |
18 | Mehta et al. [52] | CPA | 40 years/M | – | Heterogenous enhancement | Subtotal resection; radiotherapy | Improved |
19 | Ahn et al. [53] | CPA | 9 m/F | – | T1: hypointense; T2: hypointense; CEMR: heterogenous | Subtotal resection; possible chemotherapy and Radiotherapy | Died after 2 months |
20 | Naim-ur-Rahman et al. [54] | CPA | 3 years/F | Heterogeneously enhancing mass | – | Tumor excision | Improved |
21 | Izycka-Swieszewska et al. [55] | CPA | 26 years/F | Homogenous enhancement | T1: hypointense; T2: hyperintense; CEMR: homogenous enhancement | Tumor excision | – |
22 | Park et al. [56] | CPA | 15 years/M | Hyperdense mass causing internal auditory canal dilation | T1: hypointense; T2: hypointense; CEMR: heterogenous | Subtotal resection; chemotherapy and radiotherapy | Improved |
23 | Santagata et al. [57] | CPA | 17 years/F | Hyperdense mass forming a flat surface against the posterior aspect of the left petrous bone and tentorium | CEMR: heterogeneous enhancement | Tumor excision; chemotherapy and radiotherapy | – |
24 | Nyanaveelan et al. [58] | CPA | 5 years/F | Mass eroding the petrous bone | – | Tumor excision; chemotherapy and radiotherapy | – |
25 | Yoshimura et al. [59] | CPA | 29 years/F | – | T1: isointense; T2/FLAIR: Hyperintense; CEMR: No enhancement; DWI: restricted diffusion; MRS: high ratio of choline‐to‐N‐acetyl aspartate | Subtotal resection; chemotherapy and radiotherapy | Improved |
26 | Cugati et al. [60] | CPA | 4 years/F | Contrast-enhancing extra-axial mass in the CPA, centered around the internal acoustic meatus | T1: hypointense; T2: hyperintense; CEMR: intense enhancement | Tumor excision | – |
27 | Kumar et al. [61] | CPA | 9 years/F | Isodense to hypodense mass in the right CPA Homogenous enhancement | T1: hypointense; T2: hyperintense; CEMR: brilliant enhancement | Tumor excision; radiotherapy | Improved |