Table 2 Causes of esophageal perforation
From: Esophageal emergencies: another important cause of acute chest pain
Iatrogenic | • Fundoplication and esophageal myotomy • Cardiac ablation, transesophageal echocardiography • Thoracic surgery, anterior cervical discectomy |
Spontaneous | • Increased intraluminal pressure from retching or forceful vomiting (i.e. Boerhaave syndrome) |
Foreign Body | • Sharp or caustic materials • Impaction causing wall ischemia |
Trauma | • Penetrating or blunt trauma |
Malignancy | • Primary or metastasis |