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Table 1 Survey results

From: Neuroradiology training in EU: international survey of 31 countries within UEMS frame

Country

No. of respondents

Specialty school/fellowship in neuroradiology

How to become neuroradiologist

How to become interventional neuroradiologist

Neuroendovascular procedures performed by interventional radiologists

Neuroendovascular procedures performed by non-radiologists

INR training required

Austria

3

No

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

No specific INR requirements or qualification. Certification of neuro-interventionalists and training sites based on existing modular certification concept by the scientific societies ÖGIR (Austrian society for interventional radiology) and ÖGNR (Austrian society for neuroradiology) is highly recommended.

Yes

Yes

No

Belgium

2

No

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

No specific INR requirements or qualification.

Yes

Yes

No

Bulgaria

2

No

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

Yes

No, but it is in progress.

Croatia

1

Yes

Specific NR requirements & qualification.

No specific INR requirements or qualification.

Yes

No

Yes, but no formal

Cyprus

1

Yes

Specific NR requirements, but No qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

No

Yes

Czech Republic

1

No, it used to be in the past.

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

No specific INR requirements or qualification. INR is part of Interventional Radiology training.

Yes

No

No

Denmark

1

No

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

No

Yes: No formal fellowship is available, but training is required before independent work as INR specialist is performed.

Estonia

1

No

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Finland

3

Yes

Specific NR requirements & qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

No

Yes

France*

3

No

Specific NR requirements, but No qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Germany

3

Yes

Specific NR requirements & qualification.

Specific INR requirements or qualification.

Yes

No

Yes

Greece

2

No. But in the process of the subspecialty of diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology to be approved.

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

Specific INR requirements & qualification. The qualification is currently obtained by training in other countries that provide INR qualifications and is approved by the Ministry of Health.

No. There is a discussion that Interventional Radiologists get involved in stroke after a minimum of 9-month training.

Yes

Yes

Hungary

1

Yes

Specific NR requirements & qualification. It is a secondary board examination following board exam in Radiology.

Specific INR requirements & qualification. See point 6.

Yes, after completion of the special competency license training and examination in Neurointerventions.

Yes, after completion of the special competency license training and examination in Neurointerventions.

Yes, it is a special competency license, requiring a 2 years fulltime clinical training in INR following a board exam in either radiology, neuroradiology, neurology, neurosurgery or cardiology.

Iceland

1

No

Specific NR requirements & qualification.

Specific INR requirements & qualification.

No

No

No

Ireland

1

Yes: no specialty school exists, but fellowship training in Neuroradiology is provided.

Specific NR requirements & qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification. Must have completed 2 years of fellowship training in neuroradiology.

No

No

Yes

Italy*

4

No

Specific NR requirements, but No qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

Yes

No

Latvia

1

Yes

Specific NR requirements & qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

No

Yes

Lithuania

1

No

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

No specific INR requirements or qualification. INR procedures could be performed by any interventional radiologist.

Yes

Yes. In smaller centres, cardiologists perform thrombectomy (only) in case of stroke.

No

Luxembourg

1

No

Specific NR requirements, but No qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

Yes

No

Malta

1

No

Specific NR requirements, but No qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

No

No

Yes

Netherlands

1

Yes

Specific NR requirements & qualification.

Specific INR requirements & qualification.

No, except for endovascular treatment (stroke).

Yes

Yes (dedicated fellowship for INR, which can be entered by certified Radiologists, Neurologists, and Neurosurgeons).

Norway

1

No

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

No specific INR requirements or qualification.

Yes

Yes

No

Poland

3

No

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

Specific INR requirements & qualification (certificate provided by Section of Interventional Neuroradiology, which is a Subdivision of Polish Medical Society of Radiology).

Yes, only stroke.

Yes

Yes

Portugal

1

Yes

Specific NR requirements & qualification. Neuroradiology is an independent speciality with a five-year training programme and a final examination by a national jury.

Specific INR requirements & qualification.

No. Only Neuroradiologists can perform neuro intervention.

No. Only Neuroradiologists can perform these interventions as answered previously.

Yes

Romania

1

No

Specific NR requirements, but No qualification. From 2018 NR is part of specialization of Interventional Radiology.

Specific INR requirements & qualification. Mandatory training in NR and INR, and candidates must pass an exam in order to perform Neurointerventional procedures.

Yes

Yes, very few cases (neurosurgeons).

Yes, but probably no more in the future.

Slovenia

1

No

Specific NR requirements, but No qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

No

Yes

Spain

2

No

No specific NR requirements or qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Yes

Yes

No. However, most Neuro-interventionalists have received training from Interventio-nal Neuroradiologists in Academic/University Hospitals.

Sweden

2

Yes

Specific NR requirements & qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

No

Yes

Yes

Switzerland*

3

Yes

Specific NR requirements & qualification & examination.

Specific INR requirements & qualification & examination.

No (unless in a certified neurovascular centre under the supervision of a certified neuroradiologist).

No (unless in a certified neurovascular centre under the supervision of a certified neuroradiologist).

Yes

Turkey

1

No

Specific NR requirements & qualification.

Specific INR requirements & qualification.

Yes

Yes

No

UK*

4

Yes: no specialty school exists, but fellowship training in Neuroradiology is provided.

Specific NR requirements, but No qualification.

Specific INR requirements, but No qualification.

Not yet. (currently there are body interventional radiologists training for thrombectomy).

No

Yes

  1. *Countries where the involvement of additional referents from European or National scientific societies was necessary due to the uncertainty or discordance of the UEMS delegate’s answer/s