Table 2 Staging system of testicular and paratesticular malignant tumours (Children’s Cancer Group and Paediatric Oncology Group)
From: Testicular tumours in children: an approach to diagnosis and management with pathologic correlation
Stage I | - Tumour limited to testis with negative microscopic margins, completely resected by high inguinal orchiectomy - Normalised tumour markers - Tumour capsule cannot have been violated by needle biopsy, incisional biopsy or tumour rupture - No clinical, radiographic or histologic evidence of disease beyond the testes. |
Stage II | - Complete orchiectomy with violation of the tumour capsule - Microscopic disease in scrotum or high in spermatic cord (< 5 cm from proximal end) - Failure of tumour markers to normalise or decrease with an appropriate half-life |
Stage III | Retroperitoneal lymph node involvement > 2 cm |
Stage IV | Distant metastases |