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Table 1 Main risk factors for gallstone formation

From: Gallstones top to toe: what the radiologist needs to know

Risk factors for gallstone formation

Comment

Age

The incidence increases with age but symptomatic presentation is most common in middle age.

Gender

More common in females by a ratio of 2:1.

Race

More common in Western, Caucasian, Hispanic and Native American populations.

Family history

A first degree relative with a history of gallstones doubles the risk.

Obesity

Increased risk of cholesterol stone formation.

Rapid weight loss

Bile stasis due to reduced calorie intake and increased cholesterol mobilisation.

Haemolysis

There is an increased incidence of associated with haemolytic disorders such as sickle cell disease and the thalassemias.

Oral contraceptives and oestrogen replacement therapy

 

Pregnancy

 

Raised serum lipids

Increased risk of cholesterol stone formation.

Raised serum bilirubin

Increased risk of pigmented stone formation.

Cirrhosis

 

Gallbladder stasis

Stasis of flow allows stones time to form.

Diabetes mellitus

Insulin resistance increases circulating cholesterol.

Crohn’s disease

 

Certain medications

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