Table 1 Summary of the major therapies with their mode of action used in combination with cryoablation in the reviewed papers. All therapies stimulate the immune system in a way and in combination with cryoablation an enhancement of this effect is hypothesized
From: Cryoablation and immunotherapy: an overview of evidence on its synergy
Therapy | Mode of action | Number of articles |
|---|---|---|
CpG oligonucleotide (CpG ODN) | Is recognized by dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells. Activates T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, neutrophils and plasma cell differentiation | 8 |
Anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti CTLA-4) | Blocks the inhibitory receptor (CTLA-4) on the T cell and therefore activates the T cell for a specific immune response | 6 |
Immature dendritic cells (DCs) | Phagocytosis of pathogens; antigen-presentation to other immune cells (among others T cells) | 4 |
Natural killer (NK) cell therapy | Infusion with autologous NK cells to directly destroy tumour cells | 4 |
Dendritic cell- cytokine induced killer (DC-CIK) | May act similarly to T cells or NK cells but is unrestricted to major histocompatibility complex | 3 |
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) | A protein that functions as a cytokine and stimulates stem cells and can induce an immune cascade | 3 |
Anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL-1) | Blocks the receptor programmed death 1 on the tumour cell. This results in the activation of the T cell to induce a specific immune response | 1 |