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Table 2 Symptoms based on the Ring and Messmer classification

From: Patient Safety in Medical Imaging: a joint paper of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS)

Grades

Symptoms

I

Cutaneous Mucosa: erythema, urticaria, angioedema

II

Moderate multivisceral: cutaneous ± hypotension ± tachycardia ± cough, dyspnea ± digestive signs

III

Severe mono- or multivisceral signs: cardiovascular collapse, tachycardia or bradycardia ± arrythmia ± bronchospasm ± digestive signs

IV

Cardiac Arrest