Neoplasm | |
▪ Primary neural tumor | |
▪ Compressive mass (sellar, paracavernous, bone tumor) | |
▪ Leptomeningeal or perineural spread of tumor | |
Inflammation | |
▪ Optic neuritis | |
▪ Multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders | |
▪ Pseudotumor (Tolosa-Hunt syndrome) | |
▪ Sarcoidosis | |
▪ Gradenigo syndrome | |
▪ Vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis | |
Infection | |
▪ Abscess, encephalitis, meningitis, thrombophlebitis, viral neuritis (Ramsey-Hunt syndrome) | |
▪ Skull base osteomyelitis | |
Trauma | |
Vascular | |
▪ Neurovascular compression, aneurysm | |
Ischemia | |
Hemorrhage | |
▪ Superficial siderosis | |
Congenital | |
▪ Neurofibromatosis (I and II), Kallman syndrome, aplasia/hypoplasia of the optic nerve, Duane syndrome, Moebius syndrome |