The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896

Insights into Imaging

Table 5 Some exposure parameters from before 1900 and the corresponding ESAK

Author	Year	kVp	P_sec^a,b	I_{av_sec}^a	t_expo^a	FSD^a	KfiA at 1 m	ESAK
Author	Year	kV	W	mA	min	cm	μGy/mAs	mGy
Macintyre [58]	1896	96	5	0.066	12	29	362	174
Rosenfeld [59]	1897	60	5	0.106	50	39	220	391
Foveau de Courmelles [60]	1897	75	10	0.170	30	29	282	870
Gocht [61]	1898	80	10	0.159	10	39	300	160
Isenthal [62]	1898	80	5	0.080	25	30	304	367
Walsh [63]	1899	80	10	0.159	30	55	294	235

^aP_sec = secondary power, I_{av_sec} = average tube current, t_expo = time, FSD = focus-skin distance
^bThe KfiA effectively depends on the available secondary electrical power only, as the tube current and kVp are largely interchangeable