Fig. 8

Available data are typically split into three sets: a training, a validation, and a test set. A training set is used to train a network, where loss values are calculated via forward propagation and learnable parameters are updated via backpropagation. A validation set is used to monitor the model performance during the training process, fine-tune hyperparameters, and perform model selection. A test set is ideally used only once at the very end of the project in order to evaluate the performance of the final model that is fine-tuned and selected on the training process with training and validation sets