Table 1 Risk factors for acquiring urinary tract infection, developing complications, and/or failing treatment (mnemonic RENUC) [Adapted from Ref. 1]
Type | Risk factors | Risk of more severe outcome |
|---|---|---|
Recurrent | Sexual behaviour Contraceptive devices Post-menopausal hormonal deficiency Controlled diabetes mellitus | No |
Extra-urogenital | Pregnancy Male gender Badly controlled diabetes Immunosuppression including HIV, uremia, transplant recipients, treatment with corticosteroids, chemotherapy or immunosuppressants Connective tissue disease | Yes |
Nephropathy | Impaired renal function Polycystic kidney | Yes |
Urological | Obstructive uropathy, e.g. congenital, lithiasis, stricture, tumour Short-term catheterisation Neurogenic bladder Urological surgery or instrumentation | Yes |
Permanent Catheter or non-resolvable urological risk factors | Long-term catheter Non-resolvable obstruction Badly controlled neurogenic bladder | Yes |