Fig. 7From: Inferior vena cava anomalies and variations: imaging and rare clinical findingsIllustration of findings of left IVC (LIVC) with continuous azygos (CA) and hemiazygos (CHA) veins. Note drainage of a dilated gonadal vein (GV) to the right renal vein (median collateral pathway). Ascending lumbar veins (deep pathway) are draining into CA and CHA. (RA: right atrium; A: aorta; SVC: superior vena cava; RRV and LRV: right and left renal veins, respectively; CIV: common iliac veins; D: diaphragm)Back to article page