Fig. 2
From: Inferior vena cava anomalies and variations: imaging and rare clinical findings
a Coronal MIP MDCT image showing an appearance of complete thrombosis of the infrarenal portion of IVC (on the right (arrow) and tortuous appearance of gonadal vein (median pathway) (on the left) (asterisk) b Coronal MIP MDCT image showing enlarged inferior hemorrhoidal vein (portal pathway) (arrow) c Sagittal MIP MDCT image showing ascending lumbar veins with an appearance of pseudomasses at the level of lumbar vertebra (deep pathway) (arrow) d Coronal MPR MRI image showing infrarenal IVC agenesis (arrow) (e) Coronal MPR MRI image showing enlarged epigastric vein (superficial pathway) (arrow)